The Rookie Chief Information Security Officer Term Paper - 1

The Rookie Chief Information Security Officer - Term Paper Example The presentation of IT in business has helped these enterprises to go worldwide as well as encouraged individuals to get their ideal items sitting in any piece of the world. In the advanced setting, the word ‘IT’ assumes a significant job as it isn't just the organizations that are adjusting the new technique for putting away information yet social insurance businesses and training segment too are presenting new methodologies of serving the clients with its guide. Along these lines, it is crucial that satisfactory measures are taken as abuse of the assets put away in a database may bring about making significant measure of mischief a person. The fundamental target of this paper is to give a very much planned IT security plan with present day safety efforts that would help in keeping up a legitimate database framework in the association (Stoyles, Pentland and Demant, 2003). Section 1: Organization Chart Fig: Organizational Chart regarding the previously mentioned diagram, it tends to be seen that the distinctive work force are partitioned by the three qualities for example physical security proficient, protection expert and obtainment proficient. Section 2: Request for Proposal (RFP) Plan Request for Proposal (RPF) is a kind of offering sales wherein an affiliation announces that subsidizing is possible for a specific program or venture, where organizations can put offers for the project’s finishing. The RFP traces the offering procedure and agreement terms to which the chose organization must keep during the agreement. A RFP is commonly open to a wide scope of bidders giving the relationship to choose the best from a wide scope of alternatives accessible. In the cutting edge setting, RFP is viewed as one of the prime strategies of completing things without squandering the assets of an association. It merits referencing that each RFP contains qualifying rules as they help in choosing the most proper merchants from the whole candidates (Window on State Government, n.d.). Two points of view qualifying models that should be deliberately observed while choosing the merchant for the upgraded IT security in the association are expressed hereunder: Company’s Reputation and History The main measure that is mulled over while picking a seller or an association for the proposed RFP is the company’s notoriety and the history. Surveying a forthcoming merchant company’s history and notoriety in the current market helps the relationship in knowing the current abilities and the future points of view of the chose organization. Another prime goal behind considering the generosity of the merchant in the market is to figure the presentation of the association in correlation with the contenders. It encourages the relationship to appraise the time they may need to finish the proposed venture (Sonoma State University, 2009). Quality Assurance Received By the Vendor: ISO Certified International Organization for Standardiza tion (ISO) is a non-government association made out of partners from the national guidelines based assemblages of 163 countries. The primary undertaking of this body is to guarantee it individuals with its various titles that help to recognize them inside various comparable associations. The following standards that would be crucial for any relationship to satisfy the prerequisite of the RFP are an ISO authentication in quality administration. The explanation for tolerating the seller based on the referenced measures is

Financial Management of Cadbury Limited

Money related Management of Cadbury Limited Cadbury Public Limited Company has been an enormous worldwide organization in the confectionary business. The organization was obtained by Kraft Foods in February 2010. At first, the organization was known as Cadbury-Schweppes Public Limited Company before the partition of its US refreshment unit which is as of now known as Dr Pepper Snapple Group (Cadbury PLC, 2010, p. 5). This procedure was attempted through a demerger that occurred between the two firms. In 2007, the organization had the option to close its manufacturing plant in Keynashan. 2008 saw Cadbury Public Limited Company sold its Monkhill Confectionary for  £ 58 million. Subsequently, 800 workers were moved to spare them from losing their positions. From 2009, the organization began supplanting its cocoa spread with palm oil (Cadbury PLC, 2010, p.4). There was no significant improvement in this system since it should upgrade taste and surface with a drawn out objective on expanded shopper request. As this was going on, there was a general reaction from customers. These systems and new business approaches were principally being given a shot in New Zealand. After things neglected to appear, the organization had to return to its underlying cocoa spread that had been the center of its business. The organization additionally made plans to hotspot for cocoa beans by utilizing great, open and unmistakable exchange channels which would not be flawed. At first, the change to palm oil had supposedly cost the organization more than 12 million in deals (Cadbury PLC, 2010, p. 7). In January 2010, Kraft Foods chose to buyout Cadbury. Kraft Foods had made a proposal to assume control over the organization for  £ 10.2 billion. This was dismissed in light of the fact that the organization thought about the cost as underestimated. It was not until 2010 that an agreement was reached between the organizations after a threatening offer. Kraft Foods had consented to give out  £11.5 billion for the arrangement. To make this fruitful, it needed to obtain  £7 billion (Kraft Foods, 2010, p. 8). In doing this, the organization had a dream of turning into a worldwide confectionary pioneer. Kraft Foods chose to base itself in Pennsylvania. Indeed it has a controlling stake in Cadbury chocolates in the United States. In laying more accentuation on this arrangement, the organization had considered it to be the best chance to build its market access to a worldwide market that has been expanding significantly over the ongoing years. This takeover had been generally scrutinized over all partitions as they saw Cadbury as an extremely vital organization in Britains economy (Kraft Foods, 2010, p. 4). There had been a general view that this arrangement was putting 30,000 employments in danger. There was a dissent on the measure of warning expenses that banks were charging in directing this arrangement. A bank claimed by the administration (RBS) had the option to fund 84% of the arrangement. February 2010 saw Kraft Foods conclude the arrangement by making sure about 71% of the companys shares (Kraft Foods, 2010, p. 3). It missed the mark concerning its desires for having a 75% stake that could have made it delist Cadbury from the securities exchange and make it part of Kraft Foods. The organization was later on ready to accomplish this (its objectives) which prompted the delisting of Cadbury from the securities exchange. After this, the CEO and the monetary official needed to leave. Conversation Business Cadbury has a set up business with activities in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and the United states. The United Kingdom confectionary had eight industrial facilities with a staff of 3000 workers (Bradley, 2008, p. 5). In the UK a portion of the items it has been creating are done as such under permit; like the Cadbury bread rolls under the permit of Burton nourishments. From Ireland, chocolate delivered is more than  £25 million (Costello, 2009, p. 4). This has been sent out acquiring a great deal of profit. Its essence in the US is capable with the production of mints and gums. The companys Cadburys have been found and sold in the nation yet they are fabricated by Hersheys. This Cadbury can generally be found in Hersheys stores (Bradley, 2008, p. 5). Notwithstanding these, the organization has production lines in both Australia and New Zealand. To make it increasingly powerful the organization has been redesigning its assembling plant in Claremont. In an increasingly expansive point of view, the organization has a wide scope of items that it has given to the market in an offer to improve its business. Notwithstanding these, it has its one of a kind brands that have assisted with creating enough incomes for the organization. To provide food for an enormous market, the organization has in excess of 50 brands with 40 of them being over 100 years of age (MacAlister, 2009, p. 10). In the year 2004 after a decrease in deals, the organization was occupied with a rebuilding program. To fortify its business the organization has been obtaining others to build its market nearness. Financial specialists and item Cadbury has an enormous brand that has consistently given it a solid market nearness. It has a long history of confectionary marks that have consistently been acquainted each year with guarantee that the market has assortment to browse. This implies each year has seen another essence of brands. What's more, the organization has refreshments that have a long history from 1783 (Costello, 2009, p. 14).On the other hand it has most loved brands like Bassets and Bourn vita among others. Cadbury overall is a brand name that has built up itself well in the market. The organization exchanges its offers the London stock trade showcase. The last time before the organization was obtained; its offers were exchanging at  £863 (Muspratt, 2009, p. 8). Its offers have been doing admirably in the market as a result of the drawn out system that had been received to expand its worth. By putting resources into the organization, financial specialists have motivation to realize that their speculations will develop as the organization has a worldwide nearness in a wide market. Kraft Foods has a wide scope of brands for the market to suit the particular and different tastes and inclinations. These brands are spread out in excess of 155 nations that the organization has a nearness in (Weisenthal, 2009, p. 9). Its solid image nearness has assisted with building its center business in the market. With its 50 brands, the organization has had the option to serve a wide market acceptably with no issues. This has been very much done to guarantee that everyone has a decent taste. Thus, buyers have been progressively energetic about their brands. The organization exchanges its offers the New York stock trade advertise. Notwithstanding these, the individuals who have put resources into the organization are given profits as the organization has a profit yield of 4.0 (Weisenthal, 2009, p. 19). The individuals who wish to be a piece of the organization are urged to do as such as data with respect to its presentation is given. Budgetary market condition This condition is answerable for a powerful advertising administration. The two organizations have had a decent history as far as their budgetary presentation put something aside for a couple of events. Prior to the procurement, the organization (Cadbury) had begun redistributing the majority of its exercises including promoting. Since the organization has a wide worldwide nearness it has gone through a ton of cash in promoting exercises to expand its piece of the overall industry. This has not been opposed at all as it has been planned for expanding its incentive in light of financial specialists. Promoting exercises have the important budgetary help to fortify the companys brand in the market. In the wake of getting Cadburys, the organization (Kraft) has guaranteed that it participates in dynamic promoting efforts to reinforce its existences. The organization has a wide worldwide market that is serious. Along these lines, the administration has consistently given a decent spending plan to showcasing exercises. This can be all around showed in the TV ads that the organization has been running in various nations. Since the organization has a nearness in excess of 155 nations it has guaranteed that its showcasing is felt in each spot (MacAlister, 2009, p. 15). Promoting has been finished with a point of expanding the companys showcase esteem which has assisted with expanding incomes. Since the organization has an enormous budgetary muscle, a sizeable measure of cash has been distributed to the administration to guarantee that its promoting exercises are felt in the market. Business methodology The two organizations have had dynamic development in view of good business systems. Cadburys has had a procedure of guaranteeing that it has nearness in various markets to arrive at a wide base of clients (Holson, 2000, p. 9). To guarantee that its assembling exercises are not meddled with, it has plants in various nations for continuous business exercises. In light of a wide market, the organization has guaranteed that it keeps being creative in giving clients new items once in a while to suit their disparate tastes and inclinations (Weisenthal, 2009, p. 4). The organization has clung to solid and wellbeing practices to give itself a decent name in the market. From its history it tends to be noticed that it has presented new items consistently for progression. Kraft Foods has been associated with a great deal of research to think of new items to build its wide scope of brands. The organization has more than 70 brands and this has made shoppers progressively alright with their wide range was the fate of decision (Holson, 2000, p. 2). Aside from this, the organization has tasks in excess of 155 nations and this has empowered it to arrive at a wide market that it can offer its items to. It has likewise been associated with acquisitions to give it a more extensive market nearness that the underlying organizations had. These exercises have been done to upgrade its monetary position with the goal that it can enhance its activities well (MacAlister, 2009, p. 5). To catch the consideration of the market well with an effect, the organization has occupied with advancements to illuminate general society about its items. These advancements have made purchasers increasingly educated about the organization and its exercises. Suggestions to create Forex procedures With Forex exposures, the organization has been unprote

The Dark Side of the Moon

The Dark Side of the Moon Sometimes, when life at MIT gets too tough, this is what I think of, in all seriousness: Wow in just one more day, I will not have blogged for AN ENTIRE MONTH. tsk tsk. THIS IS UNACCEPTABLE. Truth is, Ive been MEANING to, but I just simply never got around to it! Actually, in the beginning, I had some time to blog but I was likeuhm I dont have any pictures so Ill wait a little bitand then BOOM 5.12 exam BOOM 7.03 exam BOOM getting the results back BOOM sadness and depression BOOM rhetoric paper? BOOM art history essay (granted, this was very enjoyable) DING 14.02 pset! DING ocrap 7.03 pset? BOOM 14.02 exam tooltooltool BOOM 4.601 midterm DONG studystudystudycrystudystudystudy BOOM 5.12 exam#2. (feel free to intersperse POW Japanese quiz BAM Japanese memorization randomly in between) Me : MIT :: Linguini : cookingFor all you bushy-tailed, eager-eyed young beavers out there (hehe, I love the quote, its from Shuai 07 who I met at Stanford this past weekend), 72 units HURT. Do so at your own risk. Parental discretion advised. Mmmm. Anywhoo, thats enough complaining from me, haha MITs still an awesome place. Cmon, no pain = no gain, right? :D (this is ten percent luck, twenty percent skill, fifteen percent concentrated power of will, five percent pleasure, and FIFTY PERCENT PAIN) ok. Ill stop being random now. October was a month of fun work, yes, but also fun. iHouse had a retreat with SCRUMPTIOUS food. Listen, if MIT Dining could make this kind of stuff, we wouldnt be having oodles of editorials in the Tech talking about dining problems and most likely the number of restaurants around MIT would decrease like pigeons in the park. We talked a lot about the vision of iHouse and the events that we have planned for the coming year (after all, iHouse is still a really young dorm!) BTW, shameless plug for current students if you want to be involved in iHouse, you can! We invite MIT undergrads to apply to be social members of the house even if you do not have residential membership. As a social member, you are eligible to come to a number of open events that iHouse conducts (such as dinners and certain speaker series) and get to know us better! If you have an interest in global development and iHouse, this is a wonderful way to get involved! And, Autumn came to visit last night, the temperature dropped below the freezing point. I was sad. ='( Last but not least, I travelled with ESP to Stanford last weekend. (I know this is the MIT Admission Blogs, not the Stanford Admission Blogs, but please excuse the following picture =p) (aside about Stanford: Stanford seems to be a huge school in terms of cross-admits with MIT. If you apply to both and get admitted at either, chances are you might get admitted too at the other one. I cant even count how many people I know in the current undergrad population that turned down Stanford during the application cycle) Going to Stanford is not completely all fun and games, although it was an amazing experience. Remember ESP that Ive talked about at some length here? (for those that are just tuning in ESP stands for Educational Studies Program its a completely student-run club/initiative at MIT that aims to provide supplemental educational opportunities to high/middle school students in the Boston area through offering educational programs taught by MIT undergrads) Well, it just so happens that ESP runs this really amazing program called Splash! (plug#2 Splash! is amazing you can teach ANYTHING. ANYTHING you want!). We have 200+ classes registered this year (and were hoping to set a record and break 2,000 students in attendance) w00t! :D Moreover, ESP is actually this really intense and nebulous organization (HAHA this sounds like Tammany Hall or something rest assured we do not conduct voter fraud (not that MA needs any, anyways =p)). ESP goes back AGES we always have alums who had ventured into the dark and foreboding world known as grad school coming back to visit us. Throughout the last year, Ive been involved to some extent in at least 4 ESP programs, but Im still an ESP baby when compared to the breadth of what they did (and are still doing) for ESP! Anywhoo, the point is that some of our alums founded other ESP chapters after they went on to grad school. As of now, UChicago and Stanford also run Splashes (while I believe NYU runs another version of Splash that isnt directly related to ESP). Usually, having ran Splashes for so long and being the founder of Splash!, MIT ESP sends a couple of people to help with set up, logistics, and teach classes when other Splashes start their program. Stanford Splash ran this past weekend, and the chairs graciously allowed me to tag along with them! It was great. Cali was sunny. The students were enthusiastic. Splash ran amazingly well (due to the diligence in preparation of Michael 07 and his enthusiastic team!). Meeting so many MIT people in Stanfords grad school was actually pretty amazing its awesome to be talking about 8.02/5.12 and seeing Brass Rats 2,500 miles away from Boston in a completely non-MIT environment (maybe this is my first ever experience with meeting alums outside of Cambridge? man, roots definitely run DEEP after youve been through MIT). I taught The Art of Money (money yes, money in your pockets but more generally money from all over the world is an amazing way to preserve history and the cultural context of a nation. ive been collecting for 13+ years and still loving it. ask me about it sometime!) and (harhar) Hardcore College Admissions. Twas fun :D Man, I love speaking about college admissions now. Maybe Ill go work for Princeton Review when I graduate ;) (plug#3 Ill be teaching these classes again for MIT Splash happening a month from now! if youre a high school/middle school student that will be dropping by, definitely come for Splash! even if youre not interested in college admissions or money, theres like 198+ more courses you can explore =p) So yuppp. Thats my month, more or less, in a nutshell, if you take away the nights of tooling in deserted locales on MIT campus (I should write an entire blog on this), numerous take-outs ordered after being famished from studying, and punting working with fellow beavers in the wee hours of the morning (like right now). Whats up next in blogs? Remember the whole flood of bloggers posting their essays (and then arguing about them?) Ive actually meant to write a blog on the essay this application season since Ive talked a bit about interviews last year. Actually, aside from the interviews, I believe the application essay is the other significant window into your life and to who you are aside from the numbers and the blanks on your application form. So stay tuned! And I promise to make it yummy too, since Ill be comparing the college essay to froyo! (seriously though, Ive never heard of that term before coming to Boston =p)

H.D. or Hilda Doolittle - Imagist Poet, Translator

Hilda Doolittle (September 10, 1886–September 27 [or 28], 1961), also known as H.D., was a poet, author, translator, and memoirist known for her early poetry, which helped bring in the modern style of poetry and for her translations from the Greek. Early Years Hilda Doolittle was the only surviving girl in her family, with three brothers and two older half-brothers. She was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Hildas father, Charles Leander Doolittle, came from New England ancestry. At the time of Hildas birth, he was the directory of Sayre Observatory and a professor of mathematics and astronomy at Lehigh University. Her father was quite supportive of her education; he thought she could become a scientist or mathematician, but she did not take to math. She wanted to be an artist like her mother, but her father ruled out art school. Charles Leander was rather cool, detached, and uncommunicative. Hildas mother Helen was a warm personality, in contrast to Hildas father, though she favored her son, Gilbert, over the other children. Her ancestry was Moravian. Her father had been a biologist and directory of the Moravian Seminary. Helen taught painting and music to children. Hilda saw her mother as losing her own identity to support her husband. Hilda Doolittles earliest years were spent living in her mothers familys Moravian community. In about 1895, Charles Doolittle became a professor at the University of Pennsylvania and a director of the Flower Observatory. Hilda attended the Gordon School, then the Friends Preparatory School. Early Writing and Loves When Hilda Doolittle was 15, she met Ezra Pound, a 16-year-old freshman at the University of Pennsylvania where her father was teaching. The next year, Pound introduced her to William Carlos Williams, then a medical student. Hilda enrolled at Bryn Mawr, a womens university, in 1904. Marianne Moore was a classmate. By 1905, Hilda Doolittle was composing poems. She continued her friendships with Pound and Williams. Despite her fathers opposition, she became engaged to Ezra Pound and the couple had to meet secretly. During her sophomore year, Hilda left school, for health reasons and her poor results in math and English. She turned to self-study of Greek and Latin, and she began writing for Philadelphia and New York papers, often submitting stories for children. Not much is known of her time between 1906 and 1911. In 1908, Ezra Pound moved to Europe. Hilda was living in New York in 1910, writing her first free verse poems. Around 1910, Hilda met and became involved with Frances Josepha Gregg, who had had an affair with Pound. Hilda found herself torn between the two. In 1911, Hilda toured Europe with Frances Gregg and Frances mother. She met there with Pound, whom she discovered was unofficially engaged to Dorothy Shakespear, making it clear to Hilda that her engagement to Pound was over. Hilda chose to remain in Europe. Her parents tried to get her to return home, but when she made clear that she was staying, they provided her with financial support. Gregg returned to America when Hilda stayed, to Hildas disappointment. In London, Doolittle moved in the literary circle of Ezra Pound. This group included such luminaries as W. B. Yeats and May Sinclair. She met Richard Aldington there, an Englishman and poet, six years younger than she was. Hilda received a letter from Gregg in 1911: Gregg had married and wanted Hilda to join her honeymoon trip to Paris. Pound convinced Hilda not to go. Gregg and Doolittle continued to write to each other occasionally until 1939. Hilda went to Paris in December of 1911 with Aldington, then to Italy with her visiting parents. Pound met her several times during these travels. She was back in London in 1912. Imagist Poet - and Chaotic Private Life At one meeting, Pound declared Hilda Doolittle to be an Imagist, and wanted her to sign her poems H.D. Imagist. She took up his insistent suggestion. She was known professionally after that as H.D. In October of 1913, H.D. and Aldington married, her parents and Ezra Pound among the guests. In 1914, Pound and Shakespears engagement became official when her father finally agreed to the marriage, which took place that year. Pound and his new wife moved into a flat in the same building as H.D. and Aldington. H.D. contributed to the 1914 publication, Des Imagistes, the first anthology of Imagist poetry. In publishing her poems in Poetry, H.D. began to have an influence on others. Amy Lowell, for instance, reacted to H.D.s published poems by declaring herself an Imagist as well. A poem first published in 1914 is often considered the prototypical Imagist poem, with spare language evoking images: OreadWhirl up, seaWhirl your pointed pines,Splash your great pineson our rockshurl your green over uscover us with your pools of fir. In 1915, H.D. published her first book of poems, Sea Garden. She also had a miscarriage that year. She blamed it on hearing about the sinking of the Lusitania. Her doctors told her to refrain from sex for the duration of the war. Richard had an affair with H.D.s friend Brigit Patmore, and then a more serious affair with Dorothy (Arabella) Yorke. Aldington enlisted to fight in World War I in 1916, hoping by enlisting to avoid being drafted. While he was away, H.D. took his place as literary editor of the Egoist, the main imagist publication. H.D. was also working on translations, and in 1916 published her translation of Choruses from Iphegenia in Aulis,, which was published by Egoist Press. Her health poor, H.D. resigned as the Egoists editor in 1917, and T.S. Eliot succeeded her in that position. D.H. Lawrence had become a friend, and one of his friends, Cecil Gray, a music historian, became involved with H.D. Then D.H. Lawrence and his wife came to stay with H.D. H.D. and Lawrence apparently came very close to having an affair, but her affair with Gray led to Lawrence and his wife leaving. Psychic Death In 1918, H.D. was devastated by the news that her brother, Gilbert, had died in action in France. Their father had a stroke when he learned of his sons death. H.D. became pregnant, apparently by Gray, and Aldington promised to be there for her and the child. The next March, H.D. received word that her father had died. She later called this month her psychic death. H.D. became seriously ill with influenza, which progressed to pneumonia. For a time, it was thought that she was going to die. Her daughter was born. Aldington forbid her using his name for the child, and left her for Dorothy Yorke. H.D. named her daughter Frances Perdita Aldington, and the daughter was known by that sad name, Perdita. Bryher The next period of her H.D.s life was relatively more calm and productive. In July of 1918, H.D. met Winifred Ellerman, a wealthy woman who became her benefactor and her lover. Ellerman had renamed herself Bryher. They went to Greece in 1920, and then to America together in 1920 and 1921. Among their stays were New York and Hollywood. While in the U.S., Bryher married Robert McAlmon, a marriage of convenience which freed Bryher from parental control. H.D. published her second book of poems in 1921, called Hymen. The poems featured many female figures from mythology as narrators, including Hymen, Demeter,  and Circe. H.D.s mother joined Bryher and H.D. on a trip to Greece in 1922, including a visit to the island of Lesbos, known as the home of the poet Sappho. The next year they went on to Egypt, where they were present at the opening of King Tuts tomb. Later that year, H.D. and Bryher moved to Switzerland, into houses near each other. H.D. found more peace for her writing. She kept her apartment in London for many years, splitting her time between homes. The next year, H.D. published Heliodora, and in 1925,  Collected Poems. The latter marked both the recognition of her work, and a kind of ending of the main phase of her poetry career. Kenneth MacPherson Through Frances Gregg, H.D. met Kenneth Macpherson. H.D. and Macpherson had an affair beginning in 1926. Bryher divorced Robert McAlmon and then married Macpherson. Some speculate that the marriage was cover to prevent Aldington from protesting the use of his name for H.D.s daughter, Perdita. Macpherson adopted Perdita in 1928, the same year H.D. had an abortion while staying in Berlin. H.D. briefly reconciled with Aldington in 1929. The three founded a film group, the Pool Group. For that group, Macpherson directed three movies; H.D. starred in them: Wing Beat in 1927, Foothills in 1928, and Borderline in 1930 (with Paul Robeson). The three also traveled together. Macpherson drifted off eventually, more interested in affairs with men. More Writing From 1927 to 1931, in addition to taking up some acting, H.D. wrote for the avant-garde cinema journal Close Up, which she, Macpherson, and Bryher founded, with Bryher financing the project. H.D. published her first novel, Palimpsest, in 1926, featuring women expatriates with careers, searching for their identity and love. In 1927, she published a prose play Hippolytus Temporizes and in 1928, both a second novel, Hedylus set in ancient Greece, and Narthax, asking whether love and art are compatible for women. In 1929 she published more poems. Psychoanalysis Bryher met Sigmund Freud in 1937 and began analysis with his disciple Hanns Sachs in 1928. H.D. began analysis with Mary Chadwick, and in 1931 through 1933, with Sachs. She was referred by him to Sigmund Freud. H.D. came to see in this psychoanalytic work a way to link myths as universal understandings of union, to mystic visions shed experienced. In 1939, she began writing Tribute to Freud about her experiences with him. War and Shadows of War Bryher became involved with rescuing refugees from the Nazis between 1923 and 1928, helping more than 100, mostly Jews, escape. H.D. also took an anti-fascist stand. Over this, she broke with Pound, who was pro-fascist, even promoting investment in Mussolinis Italy. H.D. published The Hedgehog, a childrens story, in 1936, and the next year published a translation of Ion by Euripides. She finally divorced Aldington in 1938, the year she also received the Levinson Prize for Poetry. H.D. returned to Britain when war broke out. Bryher returned after Germany invaded France. They spent the war mostly in London. In the war years, H.D. produced three volumes of poetry: The Walls Do Not Fall in 1944, Tribute to the Angels in 1945, and Flowering of the Rod in 1946. These three, a war trilogy, were reprinted in 1973 as one volume. They were not nearly as popular as her earlier work. Was H.D. a Lesbian? H.D., Hilda Doolittle, has been claimed as a lesbian poet and novelist. She was likely more accurately called a bisexual. She wrote an essay called The Wise Sappho and a number of poems with Sapphic references—at a time when Sappho was identified with lesbianism. Freud named her the perfect bi- Later Life H.D. began to have occult experiences and write more mystical poetry. Her involvement in the occult caused a split with Bryher, and after H.D. had a breakdown in 1945 and retreated to Switzerland, they lived apart though they remained in regular communication. Perdita moved to the United States, where she married in 1949 and had four children. H.D. visited America twice, in 1956 and 1960, to visit her grandchildren. H.D. renewed contact with Pound, with whom she corresponded often. H.D. published Avon River in 1949. More awards came H.D.s way in the 1950s, as her role in American poetry was recognized. In 1960, she won the poetry award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 1956, H.D. broke her hip, and recovered in Switzerland. She published a collection, Selected Poems, in 1957, and in 1960 a roman a clef about life around World War I—including the end of her marriage—as Bid Me to Live. She moved to a nursing home in 1960 after her last visit to America. Still productive, she published in 1961 Helen in Egypt from the perspective of Helen as protagonist and wrote 13 poems that were published in 1972 as Hermetic Definition. She had a stroke in June of 1961 and died, still in Switzerland, on September 27. The year 2000 saw the first publication of her work, Pilates Wife, with the wife of Pontius Pilate, whom H.D. named Veronica, as protagonist.

How Can Confessional Poetry Help Us Express Ideas And...

Previously acquired knowledge and skills applied in this lesson - Literary Elements: tone, theme, mood, author’s purpose, repetition - Poetry Analysis Elements: speaker, impression, context - Students must actively participate in classroom discussion and respond to teacher and peers in a respectful and educational manner. - Open-ended exit ticket response Goals, Objectives, and Standards 1. Academic goal(s): How can confessional poetry help us express ideas and beliefs we wish our teachers knew? Specific objectives (stated in observable and/or measurable terms): a. Students will use analyze and discuss a poem in an appropriate group discussion. b. Students will use literary elements to dissect and discuss a confessional poem. c. Students will use poetry to express their own beliefs on what they wish their teachers knew about them. Standards: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.9-10.4 Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone (e.g., how the language evokes a sense of time and place; how it sets a formal or informal tone). CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.9-10.10 By the end of grade 9, read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poems, in the grades 9-10 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.9-10.1 Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to

The Twilight Saga 2 New Moon Chapter 1 PARTY Free Essays

string(29) " over my anxious brown eyes\." I WAS NINETY-NINE POINT NINE PERCENT SURE I WAS dreaming. The reasons I was so certain were that, first, I was standing in a bright shaft of sunlightthe kind of blinding clear sun that never shone on my drizzly new hometown in Forks, Washingtonand second, I was looking at my Grandma Marie. Gran had been dead for six years now, so that was solid evidence toward the dream theory. We will write a custom essay sample on The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon Chapter 1 PARTY or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gran hadn’t changed much; her face looked just the same as I remembered it. The skin was soft and withered, bent into a thousand tiny creases that clung gently to the bone underneath. Like a dried apricot, but with a puff of thick white hair standing out in a cloud around it. Our mouthshers a wizened pickerspread into the same surprised half-smile at just the same time. Apparently, she hadn’t been expecting to see me, either. I was about to ask her a question; I had so manyWhat was she doing here in my cream? What had she been up to in the past six years? Was Pop okay, and had they found each other, wherever they werebut she opened her mouth when I did, so I stopped to let her go first. She paused, too, and then we Goth smiled at the little awkwardness. â€Å"Bella!† It wasn’t Gran who called my name, and we both turned to see the addition to our small reunion. I didn’t have to look to know who it was; this was a voice I would know anywhereknow, and respond to, whether I was awake or asleep or even dead, I’d bet. The voice I’d walk through fire foror, less dramatically, slosh every day through the cold and endless rain for. Edward. Even though I was always thrilled to see himconscious or otherwiseand even though I was almost positive that I was dreaming, I panicked as Edward walked toward us through the glaring sunlight. I panicked because Gran didn’t know that I was in love with a vampirenobody knew thatso how was I supposed to explain the fact that the brilliant sunbeams were shattering off his skin into a thousand rainbow shards like he was made of crystal or diamond? Well, Gran, yon might have noticed that my boyfriend glitters. It’s just something he does in the sun. Don’t worry about it What was he doing? The whole reason he lived in Forks, the rainiest place in the world, was so that he could be outside in the daytime without exposing his family’s secret. Yet here he was, strolling gracefully toward mewith the most beautiful smile on his angel’s faceas if I were the only one here. In that second, I wished that I was not the one exception to his mysterious talent; I usually felt grateful that I was the only person whose thoughts he couldn’t hear just as clearly as if they were spoken aloud. But now I wished he could hear me, too, so that he could hear the warning I was screaming in my head. I shot a panicked glance back at Gran, and saw that it was too late. She was just turning to stare back at me, her eyes as alarmed as mine. Edwardstill smiling so beautifully that my heart felt like it was going to swell up and burst through my chestput his arm around my shoulder and turned to face my grandmother. Gran’s expression surprised me. Instead of looking horrified, she was staring at me sheepishly, as if waiting for a scolding. And she was standing in such a strange positionone arm held awkwardly away from her body, stretched out and then curled around the air. Like she had her arm around someone I couldn’t see, someone invisible Only then, as I looked at the bigger picture, did I notice the huge gilt frame that enclosed my grandmother’s form. Uncomprehending, I raised the hand that wasn’t wrapped around Edward’s waist and reached out to touch her. She mimicked the movement exactly, mirrored it. But where our fingers should have met, there was nothing but cold glass With a dizzying jolt, my dream abruptly became a nightmare. There was no Gran. That was me. Me in a mirror. Meancient, creased, and withered. Edward stood beside me, casting no reflection, excruciatingly lovely and forever seventeen. He pressed his icy, perfect lips against my wasted cheek. â€Å"Happy birthday,† he whispered. I woke with a startmy eyelids popping open wideand gasped. Dull gray light, the familiar light of an overcast morning, took the place of the blinding sun in my dream. Just a dream, I told myself. It was only a dream. I took a deep breath, and then jumped again when my alarm went off. The little calendar in the corner of the clock’s display informed me that today was September thirteenth. Only a dream, but prophetic enough in one way, at least. Today was my birthday. I was officially eighteen years old. I’d been dreading this day for months. All through the perfect summerthe happiest summer I had ever had, the happiest summer anyone anywhere had ever had, and the rainiest summer in the history of the Olympic Peninsulathis bleak date had lurked in ambush, waiting to spring. And now that it had hit, it was even worse than I’d feared it would be. I could feel itI was older. Every day I got older, but this was different, worse, quantifiable. I was eighteen. And Edward never would be. When I went to brush my teeth, I was almost surprised that the face in the mirror hadn’t changed. I stared at myself, looking for some sign of impending wrinkles in my ivory skin. The only creases were the ones on my forehead, though, and I knew that if I could manage to relax, they would disappear. I couldn’t. My eyebrows stayed lodged in a worried line over my anxious brown eyes. You read "The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon Chapter 1 PARTY" in category "Essay examples" It was just a dream, I reminded myself again. Just a dream but also my worst nightmare. I skipped breakfast, in a hurry to get out of the house as quickly as possible. I wasn’t entirely able to avoid my dad, and so I had to spend a few minutes acting cheerful. I honestly tried to be excited about the gifts I’d asked him not to get me, but every time I had to smile, it felt like I might start crying. I struggled to get a grip on myself as I drove to school. The vision of GranI would not think of it as mewas hard to get out of my head. I couldn’t feel anything but despair until I pulled into the familiar parking lot behind Forks High School and spotted Edward leaning motionlessly against his polished silver Volvo, like a marble tribute to some forgotten pagan god of beauty. The dream had not done him justice. And he was waiting there for me, just the same as every other day. Despair momentarily vanished; wonder took its place. Even after half a year with him, I still couldn’t believe that I deserved this degree of good fortune. His sister Alice was standing by his side, waiting for me, too. Of course Edward and Alice weren’t really related (in Forks the story was that all the Cullen siblings were adopted by Dr. Carlisle Culler and his wife, Esme, both plainly too young to have teenage children), but their skin was precisely the same pale shade, their eyes had the same strange golden tint, with the same deep, bruise-like shadows beneath them. Her face, like his, was also startlingly beautiful. To someone in the knowsomeone like methese similarities marked them for what they were. The sight of Alice waiting thereher tawny eyes brilliant with excitement, and a small silver-wrapped square in her handsmade me frown. I’d told Alice I didn’t want anything, anything, not gifts or even attention, for my birthday. Obviously, my wishes were being ignored. I slammed the door of my ’53 Chevy trucka shower of rust specks fluttered down to the wet blacktopand walked slowly toward where they waited. Alice skipped forward to meet me, her pixie face glowing under her spiky black hair. â€Å"Happy birthday, Bella!† â€Å"Shh!† I hissed, glancing around the lot to make sure no one had heard her. The last thing I wanted was some kind of celebration of the black event. She ignored me. â€Å"Do you want to open your present now or later?† she asked eagerly as we made our way to where Edward still waited. â€Å"No presents,† I protested in a mumble. She finally seemed to process my mood. â€Å"Okay later, then. Did you like the scrapbook your mom sent you? And the camera from Charlie?† I sighed. Of course she would know what my birthday presents were. Edward wasn’t the only member of his family with unusual skills. Alice would have â€Å"seen† what my parents were planning as soon as they’d decided that themselves. â€Å"Yeah. They’re great.† â€Å"I think it’s a nice idea. You’re only a senior once. Might as well document the experience.† â€Å"How many times have you been a senior?† â€Å"That’s different.† We reached Edward then, and he held out his hand for mine. I took it eagerly, forgetting, for a moment, my glum mood. His skin was, as always, smooth, hard, and very cold. He gave my fingers a gentle squeeze. I looked into his liquid topa2 eyes, and my heart gave a not-quite-so-gentle squeeze of its own. Hearing the stutter in my heartbeats, he smiled again. He lifted his free hand and traced one cool fingertip around the outside of my lips as he spoke. â€Å"So, as discussed, I am not allowed to wish you a happy birthday, is that correct?† â€Å"Yes. That is correct.† I could never quite mimic the flow of his perfect, formal articulation. It was something that could only be picked up in an earlier century. â€Å"Just checking.† He ran his hand through his tousled bronze hair. â€Å"You might have changed your mind. Most people seem to enjoy things like birthdays and gifts.† Alice laughed, and the sound was all silver, a wind chime. â€Å"Of course you’ll enjoy it. Everyone is supposed to be nice to you today and give you your way, Bella. What’s the worst that could happen?† She meant it as a rhetorical question. â€Å"Getting older,† I answered anyway, and my voice was not as steady as I wanted it to be. Beside me, Edward’s smile tightened into a hard line. â€Å"Eighteen isn’t very old,† Alice said. â€Å"Don’t women usually wait till they’re twenty-nine to get upset over birthdays?† â€Å"It’s older than Edward,† I mumbled. He sighed. â€Å"Technically,† she said, keeping her tone light. â€Å"Just by one little year, though.† And I supposed if I could be sure of the future I wanted, sure that I would get to spend forever with Edward, and Alice and the rest of the Cullens (preferably not as a wrinkled little old lady) then a year or two one direction or the other wouldn’t matter to me so much. But Edward was dead set against any future that changed me. Any future that made me like himthat made me immortal, too. An impasse, he called it. I couldn’t really see Edward’s point, to be honest. What was so great about mortality? Being a vampire didn’t look like such a terrible thingnot the way the Cullens did it, anyway. â€Å"What time will you be at the house?† Alice continued, changing the subject. From her expression, she was up to exactly the kind of thing I’d been hoping to avoid. â€Å"I didn’t know I had plans to be there.† â€Å"Oh, be fair, Bella!† she complained. â€Å"You aren’t going to ruin all our fun like that, are you?† â€Å"I thought my birthday was about what I want.† â€Å"I’ll get her from Charlie’s right after school,† Edward told her, ignoring me altogether. â€Å"I have to work,† I protested. â€Å"You don’t, actually,† Alice told me smugly. â€Å"I already spoke to Mrs. Newton about it. She’s trading your shifts. She said to tell you ‘Happy Birthday.'† â€Å"II still can’t come over,† I stammered, scrambling for an excuse. â€Å"I, well, I haven’t watched Romeo and Juliet yet for English.† Alice snorted. â€Å"You have Romeo and Juliet memorized.† â€Å"But Mr. Berty said we needed to see it performed to fully appreciate itthat’s how Shakespeare intended it to be presented.† Edward rolled his eyes. â€Å"You’ve already seen the movie,† Alice accused. â€Å"But not the nineteen-sixties version. Mr. Berty said it was the best.† Finally, Alice lost the smug smile and glared at me. â€Å"This can be easy, or this can be hard, Bella, but one way or the other† Edward interrupted her threat. â€Å"Relax, Alice. If Bella wants to watch a movie, then she can. It’s her birthday.† â€Å"So there,† I added. â€Å"I’ll bring her over around seven,† he continued. â€Å"That will give you more time to set up.† Alice’s laughter chimed again. â€Å"Sounds good. See you tonight, Bella! It’ll be fun, you’ll see.† She grinnedthe wide smile exposed all her perfect, glistening teeththen pecked me on the cheek and danced off toward her first class before I could respond. â€Å"Edward, please† I started to beg, but he pressed one cool finger to my lips. â€Å"Let’s discuss it later. We’re going to be late for class.† No one bothered to stare at us as we took our usual seats in the back of the classroom (we had almost every class together nowit was amazing the favors Edward could get the female administrators to do for him). Edward and I had been together too long now to be an object of gossip anymore. Even Mike Newton didn’t bother to give me the glum stare that used to make me feel a little guilty. He smiled now instead, and I was glad he seemed to have accepted that we could only be friends. Mike had changed over the summerhis face had lost some of the roundness, making his cheekbones more prominent, and he was wearing his pale blond hair a new way; instead of bristly, it was longer and gelled into a carefully casual disarray. It was easy to see where his inspiration came frombut Edward’s look wasn’t something that could be achieved through imitation. As the day progressed, I considered ways to get out of whatever was going down at the Cullen house tonight. It would be bad enough to have to celebrate when I was in the mood to mourn. But, worse than that, this was sure to involve attention and gifts. Attention is never a good thing, as any other accident-prone klutz would agree. No one wants a spotlight when they’re likely to fall on their face. And I’d very pointedly askedwell, ordered reallythat no one give me any presents this year. It looked like Charlie and Renee weren’t the only ones who had decided to overlook that. I’d never had much money, and that had never bothered me. Renee had raised me on a kindergarten teacher’s salary. Charlie wasn’t getting rich at his job, eitherhe was the police chief here in the tiny town of Forks. My only personal income came from the three days a week I worked at the local sporting goods store. In a town this small, I was lucky to have a job. Every penny I made went into my microscopic college fund. (College was Plan B. I was still hoping for Plan A, but Edward was just so stubborn about leaving me human) Edward had a lot of moneyI didn’t even want to think about how much. Money meant next to nothing to Edward or the rest of the Cullens. It was just something that accumulated when you had unlimited time on your hands and a sister who had an uncanny ability to predict trends in the stock market. Edward didn’t seem to understand why I objected to him spending money on mewhy it made me uncomfortable if he took me to an expensive restaurant in Seattle, why he wasn’t allowed to buy me a car that could reach speeds over fifty-five miles an hour, or why I wouldn’t let him pay my college tuition (he was ridiculously enthusiastic about Plan B). Edward thought I was being unnecessarily difficult. But how could I let him give me things when I had nothing to reciprocate with? He, for some unfathomable reason, wanted to be with me. Anything he gave me on top of that just threw us more out of balance. As the day went on, neither Edward nor Alice brought my birthday up again, and I began to relax a little. We sat at our usual table for lunch. A strange kind of truce existed at that table. The three of usEdward, Alice, and Isat on the extreme southern end of the table. Now that the â€Å"older† and somewhat scarier (in Emmett’s case, certainly) Cullen siblings had graduated, Alice and Edward did not seem quite so intimidating, and we did not sit here alone. My other friends, Mike and Jessica (who were in the awkward post-breakup friendship phase), Angela and Ben (whose relationship had survived the summer), Eric, Conner, Tyler, and Lauren (though that last one didn’t really count in the friend category) all sat at the same table, on the other side of an invisible line. That line dissolved on sunny days when Edward and Alice always skipped school, and then the conversation would swell out effortlessly to include me. Edward and Alice didn’t find this minor ostracism odd or hurtful the way I would have. They barely noticed it. People always felt strangely ill at ease with the Cullens, almost afraid for some reason they couldn’t explain to themselves. I was a rare exception to that rule. Sometimes it bothered Edward how very comfortable I was with being close to him. He thought he was hazardous to my healthan opinion I rejected vehemently whenever he voiced it. The afternoon passed quickly. School ended, and Edward walked me to my truck as he usually did. But this time, he held the passenger door open for me. Alice must have been taking his car home so that he could keep me from making a run for it. I folded my arms and made no move to get out of the rain. â€Å"It’s my birthday, don’t I get to drive?† â€Å"I’m pretending it’s not your birthday, just as you wished.† â€Å"If it’s not my birthday, then I don’t have to go to your house tonight† â€Å"All right.† He shut the passenger door and walked past me to open the driver’s side. â€Å"Happy birthday.† â€Å"Shh,† I shushed him halfheartedly. I climbed in the opened door, wishing he’d taken the other offer. Edward played with the radio while I drove, shaking his head in disapproval. â€Å"Your radio has horrible reception.† I frowned. I didn’t like it when he picked on my truck. The truck was greatit had personality. â€Å"You want a nice stereo? Drive your own car.† I was so nervous about Alice’s plans, on top of my already gloomy mood, that the words came out sharper than I’d meant them. I was hardly ever bad-tempered with Edward, and my tone made him press his lips together to keep from smiling. When I parked in front of Charlie’s house, he reached over to take my face in his hands. He handled me very carefully, pressing just the tips of his fingers softly against my temples, my cheekbones, my jawline. Like I was especially breakable. Which was exactly the casecompared with him, at least. â€Å"You should be in a good mood, today of all days,† he whispered. His sweet breath fanned across my face. â€Å"And if I don’t want to be in a good mood?† I asked, my breathing uneven. His golden eyes smoldered. â€Å"Too bad.† My head was already spinning by the time he leaned closer and pressed his icy lips against mine. As he intended, no doubt, I forgot all about my worries, and concentrated on remembering how to inhale and exhale. His mouth lingered on mine, cold and smooth and gentle, until I wrapped my arms around his neck and threw myself into the kiss with a little too much enthusiasm. I could feel his lips curve upward as he let go of my face and reached back to unlock my grip on him. Edward had drawn many careful lines for our physical relationship, with the intent being to keep me alive. Though I respected the need for maintaining a safe distance between my skin and his razor-sharp, venom-coated teeth, I tended to forget about trivial things like that when he was kissing me. â€Å"Be good, please,† he breathed against my cheek. He pressed his lips gently to mine one more time and then pulled away, folding my arms across my stomach. My pulse was thudding in my ears. I put one hand over my heart. It drummed hyperactively under my palm. â€Å"Do you think I’ll ever get better at this?† I wondered, mostly to myself. â€Å"That my heart might someday stop trying to jump out of my chest whenever you touch me?† â€Å"I really hope not,† he said, a bit smug. I rolled my eyes. â€Å"Let’s go watch the Capulets and Montagues hack each other up, all right?† â€Å"Your wish, my command.† Edward sprawled across the couch while I started the movie, fast-forwarding through the opening credits. When I perched on the edge of the sofa in front of him, he wrapped his arms around my waist and pulled me against his chest. It wasn’t exactly as comfortable as a sofa cushion would be, what with his chest being hard and coldand perfectas an ice sculpture, but it was definitely preferable. He pulled the old afghan off the back of the couch and draped it over me so I wouldn’t freeze beside his body. â€Å"You know, I’ve never had much patience with Romeo,† he commented as the movie started. â€Å"What’s wrong with Romeo?† I asked, a little offended. Romeo was one of my favorite fictional characters. Until I’d met Edward, I’d sort of had a thing for him. â€Å"Well, first of all, he’s in love with this Rosalinedon’t you think it makes him seem a little fickle? And then, a few minutes after their wedding, he kills Juliet’s cousin. That’s not very brilliant. Mistake after mistake. Could he have destroyed his own happiness any more thoroughly?† I sighed. â€Å"Do you want me to watch this alone?† â€Å"No, I’ll mostly be watching you, anyway.† His fingers traced patterns across the skin of my arm, raising goose bumps. â€Å"Will you cry?† â€Å"Probably,† I admitted, â€Å"if I’m paying attention.† â€Å"I won’t distract you then.† But I felt his lips on my hair, and it was very distracting. The movie eventually captured my interest, thanks in large part to Edward whispering Romeo’s lines in my earhis irresistible, velvet voice made the actor’s voice sound weak and coarse by comparison. And I did cry, to his amusement, when Juliet woke and found her new husband dead. â€Å"I’ll admit, I do sort of envy him here,† Edward said, drying the tears with a lock of my hair. â€Å"She’s very pretty.† He made a disgusted sound. â€Å"I don’t envy him the girljust the ease of the suicide,† he clarified in a teasing tone. â€Å"You humans have it so easy! All you have to do is throw down one tiny vial of plant extracts† â€Å"What?† I gasped. â€Å"It’s something I had to think about once, and I knew from Carlisle’s experience that it wouldn’t be simple. I’m not even sure how many ways Carlisle tried to kill himself in the beginning after he realized what he’d become† His voice, which had grown serious, turned light again. â€Å"And he’s clearly still in excellent health.† I twisted around so that I could read his face. â€Å"What are you talking about?† I demanded. â€Å"What do you mean, this something you had to think about once?† â€Å"Last spring, when you were nearly killed† He paused to take a deep breath, snuggling to return to his teasing tone. â€Å"Of course I was trying to focus on finding you alive, but part of my mind was making contingency plans. Like I said, it’s not as easy for me as it is for a human.† For one second, the memory of my last trip to Phoenix washed through my head and made me feel dizzy. I could see it all so clearlythe blinding sun, the heat waves coming off the concrete as I ran with desperate haste to find the sadistic vampire who wanted to torture me to death. James, waiting in the mirrored room with my mother as his hostageor so I’d thought. I hadn’t known it was all a ruse. Just as James hadn’t known that Edward was racing to save me; Edward made it in time, but it had been a close one. Unthinkingly, my fingers traced the crescent-shaped scar on my hand that was always just a few degrees cooler than the rest of my skin. I shook my headas if I could shake away the bad memoriesand tried to grasp what Edward meant. My stomach plunged uncomfortably. â€Å"Contingency plans?† I repeated. â€Å"Well, I wasn’t going to live without you.† He rolled his eyes as if that fact were childishly obvious. â€Å"But I wasn’t sure how to do itI knew Emmett and Jasper would never help so I was thinking maybe I would go to Italy and do something to provoke the Volturi.† I didn’t want to believe he was serious, but his golden eyes were brooding, focused on something far away in the distance as he contemplated ways to end his own life. Abruptly, I was furious. â€Å"What is a Volturi?† I demanded. â€Å"The Volturi are a family,† he explained, his eyes still remote. â€Å"A very old, very powerful family of our kind. They are the closest thing our world has to a royal family, I suppose. Carlisle lived with them briefly in his early years, in Italy, before he settled in Americado you remember the story?† â€Å"Of course I remember.† I would never forget the first time I’d gone to his home, the huge white mansion buried deep in the forest beside the river, or the room where CarlisleEdward’s father in so many real wayskept a wall of paintings that illustrated his personal history. The most vivid, most wildly colorful canvas there, the largest, was from Carlisle’s time in Italy. Of course I remembered the calm quartet of men, each with the exquisite face of a seraph, painted into the highest balcony overlooking the swirling mayhem of color. Though the painting was centuries old, Carlislethe blond angelremained unchanged. And I remembered the three others, Carlisle’s early acquaintances. Edward had never used the name Volturi for the beautiful trio, two black-haired, one snow white. He’d called them Aro, Caius, and Marcus, nighttime patrons of the arts â€Å"Anyway, you don’t irritate the Volturi,† Edward went on, interrupting ray reverie. â€Å"Not unless you want to dieor whatever it is we do.† His voice was so calm, it made him sound almost bored by the prospect. My anger turned to horror. I took his marble face between my hands and held it very tightly. â€Å"You must never, never, never think of anything like that again!† I said. â€Å"No matter what might ever happen to me, you are not allowed to hurt yourself!† â€Å"I’ll never put you in danger again, so it’s a moot point.† â€Å"Put me in danger! I thought we’d established that all the bad luck is my fault?† I was getting angrier. â€Å"How dare you even think like that?† The idea of Edward ceasing to exist, even if I were dead, was impossiblypainful. â€Å"What would you do, if the situation were reversed?† he asked. â€Å"That’s not the same thing.† He didn’t seem to understand the difference. He chuckled. â€Å"What if something did happen to you?† I blanched at the thought. â€Å"Would you want me to go off myself?† A trace of pain touched his perfect features. â€Å"I guess I see your point a little,† he admitted. â€Å"But what would I do without you?† â€Å"Whatever you were doing before I came along and complicated your existence.† He sighed. â€Å"You make that sound so easy.† â€Å"It should be. I’m not really that interesting.† He was about to argue, but then he let it go. â€Å"Moot point,† he reminded me. Abruptly, he pulled himself up into a more formal posture, shifting me to the side so that we were no longer touching. â€Å"Charlie?† I guessed. Edward smiled. After a moment, I heard the sound of the police cruiser pulling into the driveway. I reached out and took his hand firmly. My dad could deal with that much. Charlie came in with a pizza box in his hands. â€Å"Hey, kids.† He grinned at me. â€Å"I thought you’d like a break from cooking and washing dishes for your birthday. Hungry?† â€Å"Sure. Thanks, Dad.† Charlie didn’t comment on Edward’s apparent lack of appetite. He was used to Edward passing on dinner. â€Å"Do you mind if I borrow Bella for the evening?† Edward asked when Charlie and I were done. I looked at Charlie hopefully. Maybe he had some concept of birthdays as stay-at-home, family affairsthis was my first birthday with him, the first birthday since my mom, Renee, had remarried and gone to live in Florida, so I didn’t know what he would expect. â€Å"That’s finethe Mariners are playing the Sox tonight,† Charlie explained, and my hope disappeared. â€Å"So I won’t be any kind of company Here.† He scooped up the camera he’d gotten me on Renee’s suggestion (because I would need pictures to fill up my scrap-book), and threw it to me. He ought to know better than thatI’d always been coordinationally challenged. The camera glanced off the tip of my finger, and tumbled toward the floor. Edward snagged it before it could crash onto the linoleum. â€Å"Nice save,† Charlie noted. â€Å"If they’re doing something fun at the Cullens’ tonight, Bella, you should take some pictures. You know how your mother getsshe’ll be wanting to see the pictures faster than you can take them.† â€Å"Good idea, Charlie,† Edward said, handing me the camera. I turned the camera on Edward, and snapped the first picture. â€Å"It works.† â€Å"That’s good. Hey, say hi to Alice for me. She hasn’t been over in a while.† Charlie’s mouth pulled down at one corner. â€Å"It’s been three days, Dad,† I reminded him. Charlie was crazy about Alice. He’d become attached last spring when she’d helped me through my awkward convalescence; Charlie would be fore’ter grateful to her for saving him from the horror of an almost-adult daughter who needed help showering. â€Å"I’ll tell her.† â€Å"Okay. You kids have fun tonight.† It was clearly a dismissal. Charlie was already edging toward the living room and the TV. Edward smiled, triumphant, and took my hand to pull me from the kitchen. When we got to the truck, he opened the passenger door for me again, and this time I didn’t argue. I still had a hard time finding the obscure turnoff to his house in the dark. Edward drove north through Forks, visibly chafing at the speed limit enforced by my prehistoric Chevy. The engine groaned even louder than usual as he pushed it over fifty. â€Å"Take it easy,† I warned him. â€Å"You know what you would love? A nice little Audi coupe. Very quiet, lots of power† â€Å"There’s nothing wrong with my truck. And speaking of expensive nonessentials, if you know what’s good for you, you didn’t spend any money on birthday presents.† â€Å"Not a dime,† he said virtuously. â€Å"Good.† â€Å"Can you do me a favor?† â€Å"That depends on what it is.† He sighed, his lovely face serious. â€Å"Bella, the last real birthday any of us had was Emmett in 1935. Cut us a little slack, and don’t be too difficult tonight. They’re all very excited.† It always startled me a little when he brought up things like that. â€Å"Fine, I’ll behave.† â€Å"I probably should warn you† â€Å"Please do.† â€Å"When I say they’re all excited I do mean all of them.† â€Å"Everyone?† I choked. â€Å"I thought Emmett and Rosalie were in Africa.† The rest of Forks was under the impression that the older Cullens had gone off to college this year, to Dartmouth, but I knew better. â€Å"Emmett wanted to be here.† â€Å"But Rosalie?† â€Å"I know, Bella. Don’t worry, she’ll be on her best behavior.† I didn’t answer. Like I could just not worry, that easy. Unlike Alice, Edward’s other â€Å"adopted† sister, the golden blond and exquisite Rosalie, didn’t like me much. Actually, the feeling was a little bit stronger than just dislike. As far as Rosalie was concerned, I was an unwelcome intruder into her family’s secret life. I felt horribly guilty about the present situation, guessing that Rosalie and Emmett’s prolonged absence was my fault, even as I furtively enjoyed not having to see her Emmett, Edward’s playful bear of a brother, I did miss. He was in many ways just like the big brother I’d always wanted only much, much more terrifying. Edward decided to change the subject. â€Å"So, if you won’t let me get you the Audi, isn’t there anything that you’d like for your birthday?† The words came out in a whisper. â€Å"You know what I want.† A deep frown carved creases into his marble forehead. He obviously wished he’d stuck to the subject of Rosalie. It felt like we’d had this argument a lot today. â€Å"Not tonight, Bella. Please.† â€Å"Well, maybe Alice will give me what I want.† Edward growleda deep, menacing sound. â€Å"This isn’t going to be your last birthday, Bella,† he vowed. â€Å"That’s not fair!† I thought I heard his teeth clench together. We were pulling up to the house now. Bright light shined from every window on the first two floors. A long line of glowing Japanese lanterns hung from the porch eaves, reflecting a soft radiance on the huge cedars that surrounded the house. Big bowls of flowerspink roseslined the wide stairs up to the front doors. I moaned. Edward took a few deep breaths to calm himself. â€Å"This is a party,† he reminded me. â€Å"Try to be a good sport.† â€Å"Sure,† I muttered. He came around to get my door, and offered me his hand. â€Å"I have a question.† He waited warily. â€Å"If I develop this film,† I said, toying with the camera in my hands, â€Å"will you show up in the picture?† Edward started laughing. He helped me out of the car, pulled me up the stairs, and was still laughing as he opened the door for me. They were all waiting in the huge white living room; when I walked through the door, they greeted me with a loud chorus of â€Å"Happy birthday, Bella!† while I blushed and looked down. Alice, I assumed, had covered every flat surface with pink candles and dozens of crystal bowls filled with hundreds of roses. There was a table with a white cloth draped over it next to Edward’s grand piano, holding a pink birthday cake, more roses, a stack of glass plates, and a small pile of silver-wrapped presents. It was a hundred times worse than I’d imagined. Edward, sensing my distress, wrapped an encouraging arm around my waist and kissed the top of my head. Edward’s parents, Carlisle and Esmeimpossibly youthful and lovely as everwere the closest to the door. Esme hugged me carefully, her soft, caramel-colored hair brushing against my cheek as she kissed my forehead, and then Carlisle put his arm around my shoulders. â€Å"Sorry about this, Bella,† he stage-whispered. â€Å"We couldn’t rein Alice in.† Rosalie and Emmett stood behind them. Rosalie didn’t smile, but at least she didn’t glare. Emmett’s face was stretched into a huge grin. It had been months since I’d seen them; I’d forgotten how gloriously beautiful Rosalie wasit almost hurt to look at her. And had Emmett always been so big? â€Å"You haven’t changed at all,† Emmett said with mock disappointment. â€Å"I expected a perceptible difference, but here you are, red-faced just like always.† â€Å"Thanks a lot, Emmett,† I said, blushing deeper. He laughed, â€Å"I have to step out for a second†he paused to wink conspicuously at Alice†Don’t do anything funny while I’m gone.† â€Å"I’lltry.† Alice let go of Jasper’s hand and skipped forward, all her teeth sparkling in the bright light. Jasper smiled, too, but kept his distance. He leaned, long and blond, against the post at the foot of the stairs. During the days we’d had to spend cooped up together in Phoenix, I’d thought he’d gotten over his aversion to me. But he’d gone back to exactly how he’d acted beforeavoiding me as much as possiblethe moment he was free from that temporary obligation to protect me. I knew it wasn’t personal, just a precaution, and I tried not to be overly sensitive about it. Jasper had more trouble sticking to the Cullens’ diet than the rest of them; the scent of human blood was much harder for him to resist than the othershe hadn’t been trying as long. â€Å"Time to open presents,† Alice declared. She put her cool hand under my elbow and towed me to the table with the cake and the shiny packages. I put on my best martyr face. â€Å"Alice, I know I told you I didn’t want anything† â€Å"But I didn’t listen,† she interrupted, smug. â€Å"Open it.† She took the camera from my hands and replaced it with a big, square silver box. The box was so light that it felt empty. The tag on top said that it was from Emmett, Rosalie, and Jasper. Selfconsciously, I tore the paper off and then stared at the box it concealed. It was something electrical, with lots of numbers in the name. I opened the box, hoping for further illumination. But the box was empty. â€Å"Um thanks.† Rosalie actually cracked a smile. Jasper laughed. â€Å"It’s a stereo for your truck,† he explained. â€Å"Emmett’s installing it right now so that you can’t return it.† Alice was always one step ahead of me. â€Å"Thanks, Jasper, Rosalie,† I told them, grinning as I remembered Edward’s complaints about my radio this afternoonall a setup, apparently. â€Å"Thanks, Emmett!† I called more loudly. I heard his booming laugh from my truck, and I couldn’t help laughing, too. â€Å"Open mine and Edward’s next,† Alice said, so excited her voice was a high-pitched trill. She held a small, flat square in her hand. I turned to give Edward a basilisk glare. â€Å"You promised.† Before he could answer, Emmett bounded through the door. â€Å"Just in time!† he crowed. He pushed in behind Jasper, who had also drifted closer than usual to get a good look. â€Å"I didn’t spend a dime,† Edward assured me. He brushed a strand of hair from my face, leaving my skin tingling from his touch. I inhaled deeply and turned to Alice. â€Å"Give it to me,† I sighed. Emmett chuckled with delight. I took the little package, rolling my eyes at Edward while I stuck my finger under the edge of the paper and jerked it under the tape. â€Å"Shoot,† I muttered when the paper sliced my finger; I pulled it out to examine the damage. A single drop of blood oozed from the tiny cut. It all happened very quickly then. â€Å"No!† Edward roared. He threw himself at me, flinging me back across the table. It fell, as I did, scattering the cake and the presents, the flowers and the plates. I landed in the mess of shattered crystal. Jasper slammed into Edward, and the sound was like the crash of boulders in a rock slide. There was another noise, a grisly snarling that seemed to be coming from deep in Jasper’s chest. Jasper tried to shove past Edward, snapping his teeth just inches from Edward’s face. Emmett grabbed Jasper from behind in the next second, locking him into his massive steel grip, but Jasper struggled on, his wild, empty eyes focused only on me. Beyond the shock, there was also pain. I’d tumbled down to the floor by the piano, with my arms thrown out instinctively to catch my fall, into the jagged shards of glass. Only now did I feel the searing, stinging pain that ran from my wrist to the crease inside my elbow. Dazed and disoriented, I looked up from the bright red blood pulsing out of my arminto the fevered eyes of the six suddenly ravenous vampires. How to cite The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon Chapter 1 PARTY, Essay examples

A Rose For Emily Symbolism Essay Example For Students

A Rose For Emily Symbolism Essay A Rose for Emily takes place after the Civil War and into the 1900s in the town of Jefferson, Mississippia town very similar to the one in which William Faulkner spent most of his life. It is a story of the conflict between the old and the new South, the past and the presentwith Emily and the things around her steadfastly representing the dying old traditions and the present expressed mostly through the words of the narrator but also through Homer Barron and the new board of aldermen. The issue of racism also runs throughout the story. In part I, Faulkner refers to Emily as a fallen monument, a monument to the southern gentility that existed before the Civil War. Her house is described as having once been whitethe color of youth, innocence and purity, and also of the white societybut decayed now and smelling of dust and disuse.It stands between the cotton wagons (the past) and the gasoline pumps (the present)an eyesore among eyesores.Emily comes from an upper class family and grew up privileged and protected by her father. We will write a custom essay on A Rose For Emily Symbolism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now An agreement between her father and Colonel Sartorisa character we assume was a veteran of the Civil War and who also represented the old South with his edict that no Negro woman should appear on the streets without an apronexempted her from paying taxes. The authorities decide to pay Emily a visit to try to collect the taxes due the town. When we are introduced to Emily, she is described as being in blackthe color of deathand her eyes are lifelesstwo small pieces!of coal.The description of Emily is not unlike that of her house, and I thought of a corpse when reading that she looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue. the dying old traditions. The tarnished gold head on her black cane is the one reminder of her affluent, upper class position of years ago. And the invisible watch hanging from her neck but hidden under her belt is symbolic of her living in the pasttime at a standstill in the Grierson house. When asked if she got the tax notice from the sheriff, Emily claims she has no taxes to pay and refers them to Colonel Sartoris who has been dead for ten yearsanother indication of Emilys living in the past. Referring to the sheriff, she says, Perhaps he considers himself the sheriffI have no taxes in Jefferson. This implies that Emily still considers herself superior to the rest of the town.Emily has difficulty accepting the death of her father, and she hangs onto him and the past for three days after he dies until she finally allows the body to be taken away for burial. Her father had overprotected her throughout her life, chasing suitors away because they werent good enough for her. And when her sweetheart deserts her, she becomes a virtual recluse. The only sign of life is the young Negro servant who gardens and cooks for her. In fact, it is apparent that Emily would have died years earlier if he had not taken care of her. To me, Faulkner is suggesting that the South will die, or certainly not progress, unless its culture changes and it accepts the Negro as a vital part of society. I wonder if the smell of Homers rotting corpse represents racial prejudice: the 80 year old mayor refuses to directly confront Emily about the odorjust as he would not deal with the immorality of racial repressionand after several complaints, four aldermen take it up!on themselves to do something about it. Three of them are graybeards representing the old South; one of them is a younger man, a member of the rising generation. I think the three older men helped to find the source of the stench, but they didnt really do anything to stop itI believe it is the young alderman who spreads the lime in a sowing motion in an effort to get rid of the smellthe lime perhaps representing tolerance. After her father dies, Emily disappears within the house for some time; but when a construction company comes into Jefferson to pave the

Australia And Apec Essays - International Trade,

Australia And Apec Economics assignment: APEC When the ?Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation? (APEC) was established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence among Asia-Pacific economies, its goal was to advance Asia-Pacific economic dynamism and sense of community. When the cooperation was established, there were 12 founding member economies, namely Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Republic of the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the United States. Since then there has been more countries/economies joining APEC. APEC has come a long way since 1989. It has built steadily on the efforts of the past and looks forward to further positive progress. The initial years of APEC were focused largely on exchange of views and project based initiatives. As needs of the member economies has evolved into a forum of higher purpose: to build the Asia-Pacific community through achieving economic growth and development through trade and economic cooperation. In the Osaka meeting in 1994, APEC leaders adopted the Osaka Action Agenda, which firmly established three pillars of APEC activities: Trade and investment liberalization, business facilitation and economic-technical cooperation. Its main objective is to develop a region-wide, free trade and investment regime by the year 2000. APEC operates by consensus. In 1991, members committed themselves to conducting their activities and work programs on the basis of open dialogue with equal respect for the views of all participants. The APEC chair, which rotates annually among members, is responsible for hosting the annual ministerial meeting of foreign and economic ministers. At the 1989 Canberra Ministerial Meeting, it was agreed that it would be appropriate that every alternative ministerial meeting be held in an ASEAN economy/country. Senior Official Meeting (SOM) are held regularly prior to every ministerial meeting. APEC senior officials make recommendations to the ministers and carry out their decisions. They oversee and coordinate, with approval from Ministers, the budgets and work programs of the APEC for a. Mr. Fischer, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade, said Australia's IAP (Individual Action Plan) would address the main trade liberalization issues of tariffs, non- tariffs, investment and services, although the 1996 IAP would not pre-judge the outcomes of the existing and previously announced reviews into the passenger motor vehicle, textile clothing and footwear and sugar sectors. Other elements of the IAP deal wit the important trade facilitation issues such as standards and customs procedures, intellectual property rights, competition policy, and mobility of business people and deregulation. ?Australia's plan is fully consistent with the general principals of the Osaka Action Agenda agreed by that leaders in November 1995, including comprehensives,? Mr. Fischer said. ?Australia's done a great deal to liberalize our market consistent with APEC goals, and we expect others to match our record. The government will pursue vigorously Australian trade and investment priorities within APEC,? Mr. Fischer stated. Australia's IAP address the objectives and guidelines of the Osaka Action Plan in a comprehensive manner: Tariffs Australia's IAP includes reduction in applied tariffs to the year 2000. Table: Tariff Reductions in the APEC region Simple Average Applied Tariff 1988 1993 1997 Australia * 15.6 7.0 5.3 Brunei 3.9 3.9 2.0 Canada (*) 3.7 2.4 1.3^ Chile 19.9 11 11 China 39.5 37.5 17 Hong Kong 0 0 0 Indonesia 18.1 17 11.7 Japan * 4.3 3.4 4.6 Korea 19.2 11.6 7.9^ Malaysia 13.6 12.8 7.8^ Mexico * 10.5 12.6 9.8^ New Zealand 14.9 8.5 5.2 PNG NA NA 23^ Philippines 27.9 23.5 12.1 Singapore 0.3 0.4 0 Chinese Taipei 12.6 8.9 8.6 Thailand 31.2 37.8 17 United States (*) 4.2 4.2 3.4^ Note: Does not include calculation of non-ad valorum tariffs Indicates trade-weighted advantage ^1996 data Source: http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/cib/1998-99/c99cib05.htm Australia's applied simple tariff has fallen from 15.6% in 1998 to 6.1% in 1996 and will reduce further to 4.5% by the year 2000. Australia is also hoping to have tariffs reduced to zero in numerous sectors of our economy by the year 2000. Sectors Selected for Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalism Sector EVSL Proposal Toys Progressive reduction to zero of tariffs on toys, preferably by 2000. Elimination of unjustified non-tariff barriers. Economic and technical cooperation Gems and jewelry Elimination of trade-restrictive measures on these products (phased out by 2005), which include pearls, diamonds, silver, gold, platinum, jewelry, goldsmiths' and silversmiths' wares. Environmental Goods and Services Elimination of tariffs by 2003 on environmental goods and liberalization of environmental services. Work on non-tariffs barriers. Economic and technical cooperation. Food Further impetus to trade

Bleeding Kansas, Book Review Essays

Bleeding Kansas, Book Review Essays Bleeding Kansas, Book Review Essays Civil War History 26 November, 2013 Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era (Nicole Etcheson) Bleeding Kansas is the term referring to the conflict on the Kansas-Missouri border as to whether the territory of Kansas was to be permitted as a proslavery state or an abolitionist state before and during the Civil War. This conflict was waged on the border-towns of both states and atrocities were committed by both parties. Missouri was to be a slave state based on the Missouri Compromise, which was formed to help alleviate the pressures of the rising slave question in the United States. When the Kansas-Nebraska Act was put into place, it gave the settlers of these two territories popular sovereignty as to whether they would become abolitionist or proslavery states. Bloodshed ensued when agreements could not be made on the position of the territory of Kansas in this debate. The Missouri Compromise was put into action to equal the number of slave and free states in the United States. From this compromise: Maine would become a free state, Missouri would become a slave state, and the Great Plains' territories would become free states (with the exception of the Arkansas Territory, which would become proslavery). It is said that the compromise withheld the United States from plunging into Civil War in 1820, until it was repealed with the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 gave the people of these two territories the right to decide the position of the states when they would be admitted into the United States. The passage of this act formed the Republican party who opposed the idea that the wealthy land/slave owners of the south could simply purchase land and vote accordingly to hold these â€Å"properties.† Abolitionists from the east poured into the state to quickly claim land, while Missourians who wanted the state to be proslavery did the same. Both factions claimed land before they even saw the soil, pointing out claims on a map. When they arrived, however, some claims were already made by the other party. The purpose of these claims were to gain a political advantage over the other to change the position of the state towards slavery via votes. Many Missourians laid four logs as a foundation of a house and returned to Missouri until after the Spring harvest, then would return to build. The population of the territory before the repeal of the Missouri Compromise was less than 800 people. Nine months after the Kansas-Nebraska Act came about, the population rose to over 8,000, many settling on the Kansas-Missouri border. The first governor of the Kansas territory was a Democrat named Andrew H. Reeder, appointed by President Andrew Pierce. He claimed that, in order to vote on the matter, you must live, and continue to live in Kansas even after the vote was decided. Reeder supported an election to elect someone to be represented in Congress, and J. W. Whitfield won by a landslide. The vote is said to have been biased because of the Missourian presence at ballot boxes and the deterring of abolitionists from voting by force. Abolitionists were outraged and feared rule by the Missourian proslavery â€Å"ruffians.† The next governor of the territory was Wilson Shannon, a former governor of Ohio. When Missourians came across the border to siege Lawrence (abolitionist town), Shannon gave the people of the area the right raise a militia to thwart off the attack. With aid from the winter cold they chased the Missourians out of Lawrence. The aggression/retreat of the Missourians at Lawrence was named, â€Å"the Wakarusa War.† It proved to the abolitionists of the state that they did not have to be repressed by the people of another state and could make the state a free state. Thomas Barber was credited as a martyr for the abolitionist cause, and made the

Tobacco Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tobacco Industry - Case Study Example Tobacco is one of the farming manufactured goods that are acknowledged as being addictive drug, developed from the new leaves of the vegetation.This has resulted in the formation of the British American Tobacco company as the industry for the produce to the people for their consumption in different forms. They have some of their stakeholders of which they have enabled the succession of the company in the past years. These stakeholder includes; the Russian government, the Rumania government, the European government, the African nations governments and the Americans government.Basing on this, the stakeholders have their own harms and the benefits that they do face today in the market. Focusing on the Russian and Rumania governments, they have continued to benefit in the market in that, their sales have continuingly increased in that in the year 2008, may, their sale growth rose upward by around 23% to around 30% of which showed a positive trend in the market of the tobacco in the BAT.R egarded the Americans market, the market have continuingly facing the harmful nature of the product. With this, the stakeholder noted the increase in the nicotine level in the product so as to increase the addictive quality of the product, this has led to the benefits of the market in that the increase in the addictive nature of the consumers have led to the increase of the sales in the market. With the Europeans as one of the stakeholders, they have experienced lose in regard to their contribution to the tobacco market. In this country, the consumer mostly involves the teenage girls of whom they have been addicted to the level that they can not perform correctly in the society. Basing on the African countries as the last stakeholders of the company, they have ended up involving themselves in the business of transporting the goods across the boundaries without paying the taxes. This has resulted in the high level of the consumption of the product among the uneducated people in the c ountries. 1.2 Banning of the Tobacco Industry. As much the industry has been one of the sectors that bring in high percentage of tax in the world as a whole, I do support the banning of the tobacco industry. This is because; the product has led to high negative effects to the consumer and even to the non users of the product. Whenever one associates anything with tobacco in the today world, they have tended to relate it to the lung cancer (Hoek 2000, pg 220). This is one of the diseases that have led to the decrease in the world population and thus leading to the low productivity of the nations in the world. other than the disease affecting the consumer only, it has that extent to the non smokers too as they receive the product impassively from the environment, and with this, I do support for the banning of the industry to reduce the death of the people in the world thus increase in the production rate. Due to the increase of the untaxed product being passed across the boundaries, the industry has in the long run resulted in being unproductive as no income tax is gained from it. With this, it has led to majority of the people involving themselves in the unlawful business of transporting the untaxed goods (Hoek 2000, pg 221). Thus, the industry will be best being banned to allow for the fairness in the country. This it will also utilize the utilitarianism theory of which states that, one has to do what will take full advantage of comprehensive happiness and gratify the significance of the people around him or her. With this, the society will be up to the idea of trying to ensure that the members of the society gets the clear and good air that they do need. 1.3 Duties & Responsibilities of the Tobacco Companies The tobacco companies were to be responsible to the application of the rules and the regulation on the usage of the product and the ways in which the consumer has to ensure that they do not affect the rest of the population in the environment. With this, the company has used

Analysis Report Grading Rubric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis Report Grading Rubric - Essay Example The need to advance in the human resource management is a main driver for undertaking this course. Today, the course is important to ensure my survival at the competitive job market in the human resource field. Furthermore, the motive to undertake she course comes from the urge to raise the efficiency and my standards of performance in targeted organizations. However, there exist a number of deficiencies during the study of the course. Lack of intensive resources to conduct the research related to Human resource is less than was expected. On the other hand, the available resources are restricted to databases that require rental procedures that will pose a problem in trying to access in-depth information on the course. Additionally, there may be an existence of delay in response from the instructor following that a number of students looks upon the professor for answers to course related questions. Effective and efficient instructions form the basis of comprehension of classwork infor mation on the course. Comprehensive content for instructions initiative include reflection and reinforcement of the approach within the broader human resource strategy that is capable of linking other strategies such as reward and focusing the engagement of every student in the classroom (Morrison 32). The instructional strategies that I prefer includes discussion groups activities, talks by specialized human resource managers, case studies, simulation of facts related to the classwork, application of computer teaching, observational exercises that involve inspection and report techniques, briefs by senior professors, and interactive learning. Remarkably, the timeline of the program depends mostly on the instructor’s plan and procedures. However, on an individual view, prefer a timeline that is takes into consideration other social activities outside the classroom. Furthermore, the timeline should be in correlation with the content that the course entails to avoid over or und erworking for students as well as the instructor. Audience The course compromise of high school learners where I am one of the students to undertake the course. I possess a number of characteristics that enhance my learning capability and collaboration with both the instructor and other students. I am a good listener, which ensures me to capture most from lecture and talks. Additionally, I actively participate in classroom proceedings by answering and asking course related questions. Remarkably, sitting in front of the classroom has been my trend throughout my education system. I do not require any pedagogical or anagogical considerations. The type of learning that needs to occur for the course should be focused on providing the student with practical skills on the course related information. It should demonstrate a good student-teacher relationship. Furthermore, the learning should be associative and inclusive. Inclusive learning ensures that all students regardless of disabilities have equal opportunities to succeed academically, behaviorally, and socially (Evans, Alvin & Edna 25). Spatial learning would also benefit the program because it involves the learning of relations among many stimuli regarding the course. Goals and Objectives Behavioral characteristic in an education environment play a main role in facilitating discipline and smooth flow. Non-natives behaviors in the classroom of restrained class

Sinhala Text To Speech System Development | Research

Sinhala Text To Speech System Development | Research The system, which I am developing, called SINHALA TEXT TO SPEECH is a one kind of fully research project. This documentation briefly describes the functionality of my STTS and highlights the important and benefits of the project. So this system will allow user to enter sinhala texts and internally it will convert in to pronunciation form. Actually it will happen after user select the particular option (convert to voice) to convert it in to that pronunciation form. So totally this system is capable of accepting characters in sinhala language (sinhala fonts) and makes them in to sound waves, which can be captured by a technical object (speakers). User will able to select the voice type, which he/she like, it mean there are three option called child voice, female voice and adult (male) voice to select. By selecting that function user can hear the voice, which he/she like most. And the system will carry out several benefits to users, those who will use this system. The users who are not able to read sinhala, but those can understand verbally will encourage to use this system, because using this product they can overcome that problem very easily. If somebody needs documents with sinhala texts, then he or she can use this system to get that one. In today world there are no such systems for sinhala language like which I am going to develop. Table of Contents ABSTRACT 2 Table of Contents 3 SINHALA TEXT TO SPEECH 4 1.INTRODUCTION 4 2.AIM 5 3.STUDY PROBLEM 5 4.RELEVANCE OF THE PROJECT 5 5.LITERATURE REVIEW 6 6.SPECIFIC STUDY OBJECTIVES 7 7.PROPOSED APPROACH 8 7.1 User 8 7.2 Data 8 7.3 Input 8 7.4 Processes 9 7.5 Output 9 8.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND TCHNOLOGIES 9 8.1 Database Technology 9 9.PROJECT PLAN 10 9.1 ARCHTECTURE 10 9.1.1 Design Architecture 10 9.1.2 Text process Architecture 11 9.1.3 Voice Tag Selection Process 12 9.1.4 Voice Control Process 13 10.REFERENCES 13 11.Bibliography 14 11.1 SPEECH ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS 14 11.2 SPEECH CODING 14 SINHALA TEXT TO SPEECH INTRODUCTION Sinhala Text To Speech is the system I am hoping to develop as my final research project. As a post graduate student I selected a research project that will convert the Sinhala input text into a verbal form. Actually, the term Text-To-speech (TTS) refers to the conversion of input text into a spoken utterance. The input is a Sinhala text, which may consist of a number of words, sentences, paragraphs, numbers and abbreviations. TTS engine should identify it without any ambiguity and generate the corresponding speech sound wave with acceptable quality. The output should be understandable for an average receiver without making much effort. This means that the output should be made as close as to the natural speech quality. Speech is produced when air is forced from the lungs through the vocal cords (glottis) and along the vocal tract. Speech is split into a rapidly varying excitation signal and a slowly varying filter. The envelope of the power spectra contains the vocal tract information. The verbal form of in input should be understandable for the receiver. This means that the output will be made as closer as the natural human voice. My system will carry out few main features. Some of them are, after entering the text user will capable of selecting one of voice qualities, means women voice, male voice and child voice. Also the user is capable of doing variation in speed of the voice. Actually, my project will carry out main few benefits to the users, those who intend to use this. Below I have mentioned the basic architecture of our project. Sinhala Voice Text in Sinhala And Voice and speed Selection Process Figure 1.1 AIM To develop a system, that can able to read text in sinhala format and covert it in to verbal (sinhala) form. And also, It will capable to change the sound waves, It mean user would able to select voice quality according to his/her opinion. There are might be three voice selections. These are kind of woman voice, kind of male voice and kind of kids voice. And user can change the speed of the voice. If somebody needs to hear low speed voices or high-speed voice, then he/she can change it according to their requirements. STUDY PROBLEM Actually before start this project I have accessed in to the Internet and collect more information regarding this particular field. First-of-all I have to provide a facility to enter sinhala font in to the computer. So, to overcome this matter I intend to use UNICODE. When we pronounce sinhala text, sometime we need use pronouncing voices of two texts. It means to create voice for some texts we need to combine another two text voices. So to have voices we should store voices to each and every text in the voice database. Then voices come from voice database according to the text which we entered. Actually after we entered text internally it (texts) get in to different groups. RELEVANCE OF THE PROJECT The thought of developing a Sinhala Text To Speech (STTS) engine have begun when I considering the opportunities available for Sinhala speaking users to grasp the benefit of Information and Computer Technology (ICT). In Sri Lanka more than 75% of population speaks in Sinhala, but its very rare to find Sinhala softwares or Sinhala materials regarding ICT in market. This is directly effect to development of ICT in Sri Lanka. In present few Sinhala text to speech softwares are available but those have problems such as quality of sound, font schemas, pronunciation etc. Because of these problems developers are afraid to use those STTS for their applications. My focus on developing an engine that can convert Sinhala words in digitized form to Sinhala pronunciation with error free manner. This engine will help to develop some applications. Some applications where STTS can be used Document reader. An already digitized document (i.e. e-mails, e-books, newspapers, etc.) or a conventional document by scanned and produced through an optical character recognizer (OCR). Aid to handicap person. The vision or voice impaired community can use the computers aided devices, directly to communicate with the world. The vision-impaired person can be informed by a STTS system. The voice-impaired person can communicate with others by providing a keypad and a STTS system. Talking books toys. Producing talking books toys will boost the toys market and education. Help assistant. Develop help assistant speaks in Sinhala like in MS Office help assistant. Automated News casting. The future of entirely new breed of television networks that have programs hosted by computer-generated characters is possible. Sinhala SMS reader. SMS consist of several abbreviations. If a system that read those messages it will help to receivers. Language education. A high quality TTS system incorporated with a computer-aided device can be used as a tool, in learning a new language. These tools can help the learner to improve very quickly since he/she has the access to the correct pronunciation whenever needed. Travelers guide. System that located inside the vehicle or mobile device that will give information current location other relevant information incorporated with GPRS. Alert systems. Systems that can be incorporated with a TTS system to attract the attention of the controlled elements since as humans are used to draw attention through voice. Specially, countries like Sri Lanaka, which is still struggling to harvest the ICT benefits, can use a Sinhala TTS engine as a solution to convey the information effectively. Users can get required information from there native language (i.e. by converting the text to native language text) would naturally move there thoughts to the achievable benefits and will be encouraged to use information technology much frequently. Therefore the development of a TTS engine for Sinhala will bring personal benefits (e.g. aid for handicapped, language learning) in a social perspective and definitely a financial benefit in economical terms (e.g. virtual television networks, toys manufacture) for the users. LITERATURE REVIEW Text to speech is very popular area in computer science field. There are several research held on this area. Most of research base on how to develop more natural speech for given text . There are freely available text to speech package available in the world. But most of software develops for most common language like English, Japanese, Chinese languages. Even some software companies distribute text to speech development tools for English language as well. Microsoft Speech SDK tool kit is one of the examples for freely distributed tool kit developed by Microsoft for English language. Nowadays, some universities and research labs doing their research project on Text to speech. Carnegie Mellon University held their research focus on text to speech (TTS). They provide Open Source Speech Software, Tool kits, related publication and important techniques to undergraduate student and software developer as well. TCTS Lab also doing their research on this area. They introduced simple, but general functional diagram of a TTS system [Ref. 2]. Image Credit: Thierry Dutoit. Figure5.1. A simple, but general functional diagram SPECIFIC STUDY OBJECTIVES Produce a verbal format for the input sinhala text. Input Sinhala text which may be a user input or a given text document will be transformed in to sound waves, which is then output is captured by speakers. So the disabled people will be one of the most beneficial stakeholders of Sinhala Text to Speech system. Also undergraduates and research people who need to use more references can send the text to my system, just listen and grab what they need. The output would be more like natural speech. The human voice is a complex acoustic signal, which is generated by an air stream expelled at either mouth, nose or both. Important characteristics of the speech sound are speed, silence, accentuation and the level of energy output. The tongue appropriately controls the air steam, lips with the help of other articulators in the vocal system. Many variations of the speech signal are caused by the persons vocal system, in order to convey the meaning and emotion to the receiver who then understand the message. Also includes many other characteristics, which are in receivers hearing system to identify what is being said. Identify an efficient way of translating sinhala text in to verbal form. By developing this system we would be able to identify and proposed a most suitable algorithm, which can be used to translate sinhala format to verbal form by a fast and efficient manner. Control the voice speed and types of the voice (e.g. man, women, child voice, etc.). Users would be capable of selecting the quality of the sound wave, which they want. Also they would be allowing to reset the speed of the output as they need. People, those would like to learn Sinhala as their second language to learn elocution properly by changing the speed (reducing and increasing). So this will improve the listening capabilities. Small kids can be encouraged to learn language by varying the speed and types. Propose ways for that can be extended the current system further more for future needs. This system only gives the basic functions. My system is feasible of enhancing further more in order to satisfy the changing requirements of the users. This can be embedded in to toys so can be used to improve children listening and elocution abilities. So those will Borden their speaking capacity. PROPOSED APPROACH Main function of my system is read sinhala digitized characters and speak out those words as closer sounds that human natural voice. 7.1 User My basic idea is to develop systems that cater all kinds of users. That mean who know the operate computer very well and also who is beginner to the computer field. Users only want to do insert text in sinhala. 7.2 Data In my database I am hoping to store voice tags, sinhala characters and pronunciation rules. And also I wish to introduce efficient algorithms for search relevant voice tags from the database. 7.3 Input Proposed system will get sinhala-digitized characters, voice selection as input. 7.4 Processes Get the sentence from the user and it will identified end of sentence by full-stop and it will separate two words by the space between two words. Those words will break down to smaller parts. Then after capture the relevant voice tags according to rules that I have given and merge those voice tags. Then after get voice selections that user given and process to give those sound effects. 7.5 Output Produce the related sinhala voices for text that is given by the user according to sinhala pronunciation rules as well as voice selection done by the user. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND TCHNOLOGIES 8.1 Database Technology Hope to use OO methodologies and Relational Database Management System (Microsoft ® SQL Serverà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ 2005) to develop centralized database on main server. A database management system, or DBMS, is software design to assist in maintaining and utilizing large collection of data [Ref. 3]. The SQL Server 2005 is design to work as a data storage engine for thousand of concurrent users who connect over a network, it is also capable of working as a stand-along database directly on the same computer as an application [Ref. 4]. DBMS provide some important functionality. Applications are independent from data representation, storage and location (data and location independence). DBMS is able to scan through million of record and retrieve efficiently (efficient data access). DBMS enforce integrity constrain and security permission on the data (data integrity and security). DBMS provide facilities to data and its efficient accessibility (data administration). DBMS schedule concur rent access to the data in such manner that user can think of the data as being accessed by one user at a time. Further, DBMS protects users from the effects on of system failures (concurrent access and crash recovery). There for hope to use Microsoft ® SQL Serverà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ 2005 to develop voice and text information database. PROJECT PLAN 9.1 ARCHTECTURE 9.1.1 Design Architecture Text in Sinhala Voice and speed selection Process Sinhala voice Figure 9.1.1 Speed selection Array of text (Sinhala) Process in detail Related Sinhala Voice Voice Database Process the Text Get the voice tags according to the Text and merge them Voice selection Voice controller Figure 9.1.2 Figure 9.29.1.2 Text process Architecture Detect full-stops, commas, brackets etc. Separate out numbers Get unique number to each letter and store it in an array Send the data in array to voice tag selection process Separate the text to sentences Group the text according to letters Sinhala Text Array of letter values Figure 9.1.3 This process gets a text as the input. It detect whether there are any full-stops, commas etc. to avoid confusions. If there any numbers in the text they are separate out and text is partition in to sentences. After that each letter in a sentence grouped, give a unique number store in an array. This array is send to the next process. 9.1.3 Voice Tag Selection Process Figure 9.1.4 Voice Database Get voice tags from voice Database Voice selection Array of letter values Merged Voice tag Merge voice tags to the order Send the merged voice tags to voice Control process Select the voice type This process gets the array, which gives from Text process and voice selection as inputs. By using these inputs this process gets voice tags for each letter and merge them. Merge voice tags send to the voice control process. 9.1.4 Voice Control Process Figure 9.1.5 Speed selection Sinhala Voice Store the voice text array Control the speed Voice speed Speak the voice array Merged Voice tag This process gets merge voice tags and voice speed selection as input. It organize the Merge voice tags according to speed selected. Then it will speak out speech each voice tag. REFERENCES [Ref. 1] Building Synthetic Voices, [Online] http://www.festvox.org/festvox/ [Ref. 2] An Introduction to Text-to-Speech Synthesis, [Online] http://tcts.fpms.ac.be/synthesis/introtts.html [Ref. 3] Raghu Ramakrishnan, Johannes Gehrke/Database Management System Third edition 2001/ McGraw-Hill [Ref. 4] SQL Server Books, [Online] 1988-2005 Microsoft Corporation. Photography: Then And Now Photography: Then And Now Why is the photographic image so powerful iconic, how do they produce connections of timelessness, and emotional context + what are the perspectives around image making in addition what is its relationship to painting? In its first decades of its existence photography was labeled as sun painting a term coined to be contemptuous, and one which epitomized the mechanical character to the painters artistic freedom. Therefore because of this, photography has become an ever-growing field of investigation and argument. Photography and its role in art and the everyday is something which I would like to open up in this discussion, I have looked at various writers to aid this discussion as well as a series of classic and contemporary photographers. This dissertation will inform and open up concepts around photography whilst putting it under a microscope and examining it with sensibility. Photography as a medium has become a phenomenal sensation of capturing a still image; it inspired historical as well as literary imaginations. Photography was the possible brainchild of modern science, or of modern invention explicated by science, it oscillates between the realms of science, poetry fiction or fantasy. The registration of the first daguerreotype signaled first and foremost a mystery it also permeated this idea of it being the aura of a cultural creation, and if not a legend, rather than that of a scientific discovery. This idea is particularly evident in an account provided by critic Jules Janin in LArtiste of 27 January 1839, which extolled the daguerreotype as a modern realization of the biblical Fiat Lux 1, and in particular marveled at its ability to record the most minute detail (down to the grains of sand) as well as, even more improbably, the shadow of a passing bird2. Speaking to the camera detaches the visible from the capacities of the eye and brings forth the virtuality of the visible, in a sense the camera can be seen as the third eye which extends ones vision. The procedure of photography is a materializing which makes something material from apparition and through photography things can be seen differently. The ability to photograph was seen as a strange phantasmagoria and a method of hyping up the real, it posited bewilderment at the magic of the daguerreotype, combined with the urge to make the idea of photography as generic as possible. Many photographers change how we look and perceive photographic images. Eugene Atget -a surrealist photographer- was one of the first to refuse to photograph the face and body, Atget removed people from his pictures and with them the last remainders of cult value in the medium. His photographs of Paris were like scenes of a crime, desolate scenes of everyday objects as ordinary experience were revealed as strange and quite unsettling. In this way photographs acquired the first traces of political significance that all was not as it seemed at first glance. Atgets photography replaced the aura of the early image with the emptiness of the city view. He asks But isnt every square inch of a city a crime scene?3. Hippolyte Bayards 12 minute exposure entitled Self Portrait as a Drowned Man (1840) 4, presents us with a fictional image which shows how a photograph can deceive us. At the time was considered quite racy and controversial, nudity was something which was private and highly discouraged, and especially not something to be photographed. It presented a dichotomy of what was and what was not allowed. Latin Phrase Fiat Lux, let there be light The phrase comes from the third verse of the Book of Genesis. Quotefrom book From Walter Benjaminpage Bayard, Hippolyte. Self Portrait as a Drowned Man.1840, France. Instant death is not accessible, so the alternative is to feign death and stimulate the artificial arrangement of it. This staged photo montage displays a conspicuous protest against the cruel injustice of life. Nowadays, every calamity with fatal outcome is photographed in its horrifying representation within the media. We find photographs of death intriguing and visit monuments which represent places where vast amounts of people have died. Why is this? The feeling of being exempt from calamity stimulates interest in looking at painful pictures like war photos etc, partly because one is here and not there.Photographs therefore subtract feelings from something we experience firsthand, but it is the closest we can get to this experience. To summarize, one is vulnerable to disturbed events in the form of photographic images in a way that one is not to the real thing. Pictures are things that have been marked with all the stigmata of personhood and animation: they exhibit both physical and virtual bodies; they speak to us, sometimes literally, sometimes figuratively. They present not just a surface but a face that faces the beholder as if pictures had feeling, will, conscious, agency and desire. 5. With a kind of social or physiological power of their own: a power to attract the beholder, arrest and enthrall, transfix or paralyze the beholder, turning him or her into an image for the gaze of the viewer, the medusa effect. U.S Civil War Photographer Matthew Brady used the power of photos to create social and political photo essays, often centered around injustice and suffering. His images raised public response and outcry which led to positive social changes, they had the ability to change the nations noble, romantic view of war, and although Brady was simply recording events, his picture essays were powerful enough to change public opinion. Photographs can be quite allegorical; they have natural instinct to produce potent emotional responses. In Roland Barthess Camera Lucida, 6. a major part of this book is dedicated to a narrative telling of his bereavement for his dead mother, and through looking at his collection of old family photographs he can find her again. This concept is something that leaks into a large extent of our private lives, as photographers the majority of us have in our archives, portraits of people who are no longer living some of whom may mean an enormous deal to us. We have all gone through this procedure of en masse as a culture following the death of public figures that have touched us: Marilyn Monroe, John F Kennedy, John Lennon to name a few. Correspondingly, we look for the diabolical streak in pictures of persons who turn out to be mass murderers: Myra Hindley, Ted Bundy Etc. Photographs make us, as a collective, understand and appreciate our emotional attachments to them. This hidden agenda is something Barthes tries to permeate in our minds. Barthes was overwhelmed with the connections he found between the images, and time and death are themes which very much personify his writing. The reality here is, as Barthes tries to evoke, that death is ultimately concrete and that the actuality of the photos is palpable. We find ourselves being struck with such emotional attachment when we look at old photos of loved ones in addition to being face-to-face with what time and the instant mean in an image. The Aura in these pictures may be related with time because when we observe them, we sometimes feel nostalgic. The revelation of this is to reflect back to the genesis of his ideas, that the genius of photography provides a spectrum for which the subject really was there; and that he would conclude that death indeed was the rational and logical implication of every picture. Poring over images of the dead Quote : Freedberg, D.( 1991)The Power of Images: Studies in the History and Theory of Response. University of Chicago Press, USA Camera Lucida : name of the apparatus, anterior to photographer, which permitted drawing an object through a prism. is an active part of grief, of mourning, of dealing with the actuality and immediacy of death. This ritual did not exist for anybody but the upper classes (obviously before photography was invented.) Photography marked the birth of the image and in1839 I believe would have been a milestone in the history of mourning rites and thanatology. Barthes looks carefully over these images with a keen hope of remembering. He seeks in sorrow and love for the loss of his mother in hopes of finding one picture which would represent his mothers spirit, he accounts the following when an old childhood photograph is found: My mother was five at the time (1898), her brother was seven. He was leaning against the bridge railingshe, shorter than he, was standing a little back, facing the camerashe was holding one finger in the other hand as children often do, in an awkward gesture. The brother and sister had posed, side by side, alone; under the palms of the Winter GardenI studied the little girl and at last rediscovered my mother. 7. What we can extrapolate from this examination of the Winter Garden photograph is that Barthes become comforted by its actuality, in the sense that the picture literally emanates his mother (although being a child Barthes never knew of.) He sees the photograph as a magic relic of his mother perpetuating love, there is an assertion of tenderness in the photo as she lends herself to the photographer and allows herself be photographed. He can then reassure himself of his mother and know that his heartfelt experience with her was real. Old photographs are ghostly semblances that materialize before our eyes and in our imaginations, this is certainly evident when Barthes sees this particular photograph; and through photographs we try to immortalize a significant moment in our lives. Photographs possess an extraordinary ability to touch us in ways that are supernaturally impossible. They retain a certain animation which cannot be possessed or captured in a painting or sculpture, they speak to us. Through speaking we understand and realize their true intentions and motivations, and this is what we learn from Barthes. The same ideas apply when we look at photographs of people who have committed crimes. A photograph is not just a picture of something or someone its what is attached to it that we hold that emotion. In the case of serial killer mug shots its the evil that you know behind that photograph or the sinister intention which reinforces the feelings of loathing, hatred and disgust Photographs are visual fossils, they make us think about and realize our own mortality and existence, and therefore have remained so timeless. Old photographs fill out our mental image of the past; the photos being taken now transform what is present into a mental image. The passing of time also adds to the aesthetic value of photographs. The Art of the portrait photographer may be to induce in his or her subjects a sense of presence and there-ness. Oddly photographs have the magical capabilities to move you back and forth through time, and because of this, the past always seems accessible except physically it isnt. The photograph becomes a kind of resurrection as it continues to live after the person is gone. It has the strange ability to evoke memories through imaginative recall and gives the texture and essence of things; it is not so much an instrument of memory as an invention of it or a replacement. August Sanders taxonomical portraits developed a philosophy that placed man within a cyclic model of society, by systematically photographing people from various classes, Sander hoped that by using light and photographing their facial features it would reveal and accentuate character, charisma, provenance or background. Quotation : Barthes, R. Camera Lucida. (1980:29-30). Walter Benjamin coined the optical unconscious as a realm of experience, as a similar way as psychoanalysis constituted as access to the psychic unconscious. It invests the photograph with intimacy as well as the capacity for illumination. It is another nature which speaks to the camera rather than to the eye.8. Photography is not only like its subject but homage to the subject; it is part of an extension of that subject. Photography has the power to capture a secret, and we have the power to see it. The viewer feels an irresistible urge to search such a picture for the tiny spark of contingency, of the Here and Now, with which reality has so to speak seared the subjectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 9. Benjamin refers to a photograph- a portrait- of the photographer Dauthendey and his wife who had later committed suicide. Looking at the photograph we search the picture for a kind of evidence in the past, of what was to transpire in the future. (Perhaps a sign written on her face, her posture, invi sible to her fiancà © who stands alongside her, but visible to us looking at the photograph many years later, and with the knowledge that she would, after bearing him six children, kill herself). What we can conclude here is that Benjamin then, grants the viewer (as well as the medium of photography) a kind of desire for omniscience. The photographic image calls for translation, and can show traces of the past and point at something that is absent. On the basis of a partial assimilation to the model of painting and through the wake of modernism, the advent of photography has slowly gained acceptance within museums and that of the art market and thus making it a recognizable and distinct art form. But why have they thus far remained a provocative and intriguing form of art? Paintings and sculptures are a matter of interpretation from the artist; whereas with photographs to a certain extent- are a reflection of the real. It cannot just be seen in many ways as an art form but as a way of seeing and thinking. Photography represents a precious asset; they provide us with an encounter we would not think was possible without, however our perception of images and photography have greatly changed since the very first photograph was made. In its relation to painting, a photograph is not only an image (as a painting is an image) it is a usurp reality and an interpretation of the real, it can be thought of as a trace which is directly sten ciled off the real like a footprint or death mask. It carries some of its simplest qualities to such perfection that it will become for even the majority of skillful painters a subject for observation and study. Its because of this perfection that the painter, therefore, will find this a quicker way to obtain collections of studies that he would only by much time, and trouble be able to collect no matter how talented the painter. Paintings, even ones which meet photographic standards of resemblance, are never more than the stating of interpretation. In Benjamin Walters Little History on Photography he makes a point that using photography killed painting10. There is a primitive notion which presumes that images possess the qualities of real things or that there is an inclination to attribute to real things the concept of original and copy, reality and image. There are many conspiracies surrounding the notion of what is real, as well as the criticism of reality as a faà §ade and the depleted sense of it. 8. Quotation: Gold,J.R. Film and Translation in the Writings of Walter Benjamin(2007: 602-622) 9. Quotation: Stamelman, R. Loss beyond telling: Representations of Death in Absence in Modern FrenchPoetry (1990:281) 10. Quotation: Walter, B. Little History of Photograph. (1931:PAGE UNKNOWN) In Sontags The Image World (On Photography) a lot of emphasis is made of the reproducibility of the image. Photography has become a mass art, a social rite, in which we document sequences of consumption. It can provide knowledge independent of experience and can capture, classify and store the Information in a way that provides possibilities for control not feasible under earlier forms of information storage. Feurbach observes that our era -prefers the image to the thing, the copy to the original the representation to the reality, appeared to the being 11. Photography does not simply reproduce the real; it recycles it- a key procedure of a modern society which consumes images. In the form of photographic images, things and events are put to new uses, and assigned new meanings. The camera offers the possibility of possessing complete record at all ages and through being photographed something becomes part of a system of classification and storage family albums, geology, medical training, police work etc. Photograph collections are used to make a substitute world. It can also been viewed as an instrument for depersonalizing our relation to the world. What Sonntag is trying to argue is that human beings have mistaken the copy for the thing itself and, as a result, have created a false division between the copy and the so called real. Sontag explains: Industrial societies turn their citizens into image-junkies it is the most irresistible form of mental pollution 12. Photographs are a form of acquisition; the possession of cherished people or things as a way of consuming events and a potent means of acquiring something as information, and more importantly gaining control over it. At one end of the spectrum photographs are objective data, at the other end they are items of psychological science fiction. Even the most banal photograph or document can mutate into an emblem of desire. Nowadays the lure of the image is starting to replace the real via advertisements, newspaper, TV, and digital. The situation is complicated by the fact that less than ever does the mere reflection of reality reveal anything but reality Bertold Brecht 13. Copying was seen as immoral, however Aristotles view of the imitative faculty is precisely what makes us human. There has been a lot of speculation surrounding the mechanical reproduction of the photograph. Walter Benjamin had a keen relation to nostalgia and a poetic understanding of the world. He explains in A Small History of Photography that the beginning of image-making was seen as a fog which would blind you, using this metaphor politically he is referring it to something which is perhaps dangerous- that art would become nothing more than ideas, signs, allusions or concepts. There was very much a storm of moral fear, it was seen as being blasphemous and opened up ideas about god. That perhaps the photograph or that being photo graphed would contain the soul- a fetish or magical object. In addition to this the reproductive factor of photography was seen as taking away the aura away from the real thing, ideas surrounding forgery, fakery, copying were highly frowned on. Reproducing images was seen as deracination of authenticity and dissolution of aura and historical depth, because of its special condition it can be exploited by capital for advertising purposes. To an ever increasing degree, the work which is reproduced becomes the reproduction of a work intended for reproducibility. Due to the reproducibility of images, this condition opens up theories of the politicizing of art and 11. Quotation: Feuerbach, K. (1843) The Essence of Christianity. Quoted By Sontag,S. (1979-PAGENA) 12. Quotation: Sontag, S.The image World: Traces of the Real (1977-NA) 13. Quotation: Brech, B. Quoted by Walter,B in Little History of Photography (1931-NA) Releases questions like how might the photographer go about dealing with a practice that is not completely reducible to propaganda and modern advertising? The mechanical nature of the reproducibility of art and photography has changed modes of perception in which we have reduced objects and made them manipulable, It is necessary to create something artificial than represent the real., The singular, the unique is divested of its uniqueness- by means of its reproduction. 14. Process reproduction can reveal those aspects of the original that are unattainable to the naked eye yet accessible to the lens- which is adjustable and chooses its angle at will. Through photographic reproduction and with the aid of certain processes (such as enlargement and slow motion) can capture images which may escape natural vision. Today in the wake of proliferation and digital media, photography is in a state of dispersion, hybrid forms of photographic imagery mixing analogue and digital technologies have become the norm. Where much of the images we see are heavily manipulated. There are many reasons why we are infatuated with photography; the flowering of photography allowed for it to be available to everybody, anything in the world is material for the camera, one finds that there is beauty or at least interest in everything seen with an acute eye. The picture is treated as an expression of the artists desire or as a mechanism for eliciting the desires of the beholder. People werent used to seeing their image, so the photograph provided a difference sense of how we look. It awakened people into a new world. Photographs contain powerful presences present in them it preserves the object which is reason why there are superstitions around throwing away photographs of loved ones, as well as the obsession to photograph and to be photographed. Referring back to Barthes, photograph presents to us a spectral, corporal presence in addition to providing a means of reanimating what is unavailable. It imprisons and captures reality; this is something Barthes tries to burn into our consciousness. One cant possess reality, one can possess (and be possessed by an image) with photographic images one cant possess the present but one can possess the past. They imply instant access to the real to possess the world in the form of images is, to re experience the unreality and remoteness of the real. Pictures communicate as signs and signals, it is clear they have a sort of power to effect human emotions and behavior. Nowadays, we cannot live without photographs they are anywhere and everywhere. The logic of consumption is akin to lust, and therefore it cannot be satisfied because the possibilities of photography are infinite. I believe photography and image-making will continue to inspire and technologies will continue to expand. Presently, we find photography used for narcissistic purposes like surveillance. In an industrial society the camera becomes a spectacle for the masses and as an object of surveillance for rulers. It remains to be a source of great iconography as it is an art for all, which posits photography as universally accessible, and an addition to culture rather than science. Photographs will always and continue to be powerful mechanisms to change things or set things in motion, and it will continue to stand the test of time and document the vestiges of human condition until the end of our existence. 14. Quotation: Walter, B. Little History of Photograph. (1931:PAGE UNKNOWN)